Term
|
Definition
| the science of behavior and mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the medical treatment of psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before psychology became a science, it was a branch of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both ___ and ___ speculated on psychological questions without testing their explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thought soul was separate from the body and was not subject to physical laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to studying psychology in which introspection is used to determine the basic elements of human thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| founder of Structuralism and the first scientific psychologist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opened the first psychology lab in America |
|
|
Term
| Introspection was a bad method because |
|
Definition
1. Doesn't replicate across individuals.
2. Not conscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to studying psychology that tries to understand the mind by determining its purpose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wrote the book The Principles of Psychology |
|
|
Term
| Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
|
Definition
| functionalists were heavily influenced by _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ speculated on what sorts of functions an evolved brain should have, but didn't test their speculations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to studying mental illness that assumes mental illness is caused by subconscious conflicts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| psychiatrist who speculated that mental illnesses were caused by subconscious events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not typically considered a scientist because he didn't test his ideas (developed ideas from case studies) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ ideas were very influential between 1920 and 1970 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ ideas have very little influence on contemporary psychology due to lack of support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of the relationship between behavior and reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the founder of behaviorism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditioned Little Albert |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tried to make psychology a rigorous science by only studying variables that can be directly observed and ignoring unobservable mechanisms inside the brain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied operant conditioning in which behavior is changed through reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| 1960s; provide explanations for many psychological phenomena (language esp.) |
|
Definition
| the popularity of behaviorism declined beginning in the mid ___ due to inability to ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to studying psychology that tries to determine how information is encoded, stored, transformed, and retrieved by the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has been the dominant approach to studying psychology since the mid 1960s. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to studying psychology in which the researcher tries to develop theories by speculating about what brain structures would have been useful in the environment when the human brain was evolving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controversial approach that has only become popular since the later 1980's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducted to solve practical problems without seeking underlying explanations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seeks to explain and predict psychological phenomena |
|
|
Term
| All Good Research Starts With |
|
Definition
| a problem to be solved or a theory to be tested (not the research itself) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explanation for phenomena that can be falsified and that involves entities that can't be directly observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explanation which means that it describes how some phenomenon happens rather than just stating the relationship between variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in order to be a scientific theory, the explanation must be ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory used to generate a prediction about observable events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a description of the behavior or abilities of a single individual (research technique) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theories of ___ were based on case studies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people favor information that confirms their beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good for generating research ideas, but poor for testing theories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research technique in which the researcher observes and describes behavior |
|
|
Term
| Jane Goodall and the Chimpanzees |
|
Definition
| example of a good naturalistic observation |
|
|
Term
| Naturalistic Observations |
|
Definition
| Good at answering simple questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempts to determine the relationship between variables without manipulating the variables (research method) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best used when manipulating the variables being studies would be impossible/very difficult or unethical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can't be used to determine the causal relationship between variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a causal relationship exists if a change in one variable results in a change in the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables can be measured by the ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the correlation co-efficient varies between ___ and ___ |
|
|
Term
| Weaker the Relationship is |
|
Definition
| the closer the correlation co-efficient is to 0, the |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies in which the research manipulates the independent variable and which have random assignment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most powerful research method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variable the researcher manipulates in an experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the variable the researcher measures to determine the effects of the independent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when every member of the population to which we would like to generalize our results has an equally likely chance of being chosen to participate in the experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when every person in the experiment has an equally likely chance of being assigned to each level of the independent variable |
|
|
Term
| Random Selection; Random Assignment |
|
Definition
| ____ is nice to have; ____ must have (in experiments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow researchers to infer a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Because random assignment is done in an experiment, ___ can be used to determine the exact probability some variable other than the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a concept is defined in terms of the variables used to measure it (ex. hunger - "hours without food") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four Basic Parts of a Neuron |
|
Definition
| Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon, and Terminal Buttons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receive electrical signals from other neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains the nucleus and provides for the life processes of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries the electrical signal from the soma to the terminal buttons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| release neurotransmitters that cause electrical changes to the next neuron in the chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a neuron receives enough excitation from other neurons, then it will initiate an ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a spike of electricity that travels down its axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work by altering how synapses operate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weighs about 3 lbs and contains about 86 billion neurons |
|
|
Term
| Structures of the Brain (3) |
|
Definition
| Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls breathing, heart rate and vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the medulla oblongata is part of the ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates sleep and arousal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pons is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the superior colliculus is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the inferior colliculus is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in movement, death of neurons in this area leads to Parkinson's Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substantia nigra is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer surface of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cortex is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates the "Four Fs": feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hypothalamus is part of the _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls emotional responses, particularly fear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amygdala is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encodes long term memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hippocampus is part of the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| famous patient who had his hippocampus removed and is unable to form new memories after the operation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reward system of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basal ganglia is part of the ___ |
|
|
Term
| Burham and Phelan's Theory |
|
Definition
| theory of how the basal ganglia works; always strive to improve material situations and move on from negative experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for higher level functions (cognition and perception) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mean thickness of about 3 mm and its outer surface is wrinkly in order to increase its surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for planning, interpreting emotions, houses the motor cortex, and responsible for speech production (lobe of cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| had severe frontal lobe damage caused when a bar went through his head, unable to acceptably express his emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses the primary auditory cortex, performs speech comprehension, and visual recognition (lobe of cortex) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inability to identify objects visually results from temporal lobe damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people with ___ can't identify shapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses the somatosensory cortex (used for touch), navigation, and math ability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent symptom of people who have had damage to their parietal lobe; ignore half the visual field and one side of all objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses the primary visual cortex; entirely for vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete color blindness; result of damage to part of the occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| painter who acquired achromatopsia and couldn't even imagine colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex communicate with each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory and motor systems in each hemisphere send and receive inputs from the ___ side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Left Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| speech production, speech comprehension, and reading words faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broca's area is responsible for ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to speak fluently |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wernicke's area; responsible for language comprehension |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Right Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| face identification, music, and spatial abilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize faces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief that your family has been replaced by doubles; caused by damage to right hemisphere areas linking face recognition with emotion areas |
|
|
Term
| Sperry's Split Brain Studies |
|
Definition
| study of people who had their corpus callosum severed in order to cure epilepsy (2 hemispheres didn't communicate anymore and hands worked against each other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| co-ordinated activity by nervous system in which large numbers of neurons fire together |
|
|
Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) Machine |
|
Definition
| brain waves are measured by ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waking brain waves; short and irregular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relaxed stage of sleep, brain waves get slightly larger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second stage of sleep (after about 10 mins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slower brain waves, in stage 2 of sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short high frequency bursts of activity, stage 2 of sleep, reduce brain's sensitivity to sensory input |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People awakened in stage ___ of sleep often deny they have been sleeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stage 3 of sleep (15 mins after stage 2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slowest brain waves, stage 3 of sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| night terrors occur in this stage of sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleep stage about 45 mins after stage 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain waves in this stage of sleep look similar to stage 1 waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during this stage of sleep the body is paralyzed by the Pons and the muscles relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual awakened from ___ sleep can be easily awakened by meaningful stimuli (such as hearing their name) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person awakened from ___ sleep will be alert and will remember dreaming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during ___ sleep, a male's penis will become erect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sleep cycle starts again approximately every ___ minutes |
|
|
Term
| Circadian Theory and Recuperation Theory |
|
Definition
| two theories as to why sleep is necessary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleep has evolved to keep animals inactive during times of the day when they do not need to be active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals sleep in order to provide time for the body to repair itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mentally taxing days produce more ____ sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stayed awake for 264 hours, irritable, hallucinating |
|
|
Term
| Long Term Memory Consolidation |
|
Definition
| deprivation of NREM3 and REM sleep harms ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believed that dreams contained symbols that revealed the unconscious mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collected dream stories for 30 years; very similar to real life |
|
|
Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory |
|
Definition
| (amygdala) dreams are the cortex's effort to make sense of the neural signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ is suppressed during dreaming to people won't remember dreams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after a stimulus has been presented to the senses, they continue responding for about 1/10th of a second after the stimulus is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ memory storage is extremely brief, but extremely high capacity |
|
|
Term
| Short Term Memory/ Working Memory |
|
Definition
| short duration and limited capacity form of storage that precedes storage into long term memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity of short term memory is ___ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virtually unlimited capacity and can store items for long periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consciously available memories such as Facts (Somantic Memory) or Personal Experiences (Episodic Memory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ____ is necessary to store explicit memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the memory of how to do things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ___ stores implicit memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has an innate ability to remember numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| journalist whose brain was able to form associations with multiple senses of everything he encountered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mnemonic technique, good for remembering ordered lists; each number is associated with a rhyming word that is then used for imagery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mnemonic technique; items to be remembered are placed along a well known path (ex. use 3 senses, make up story) |
|
|
Term
| Person-Action-Object System |
|
Definition
| mnemonic technique; remember numbers and cards, 00 to 00 each is paired with a person performing an action with an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| memory that is most affected by aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extreme memory impairment; causes the cortex and the hippocampus to shrink significantly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the initial process of encoding environmental energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of interpreting the information received from the senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bend light from the environment to create an image on the retina (layer of nerve cells at the back of the eye) |
|
|
Term
| Photoreceptors (rods and cones) |
|
Definition
| convert the light energy to electrical signals when light particles break apart their photopigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are larger, very sensitive to light, don't support color vision, and are used in low illuination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ___ are smaller, less sensitive to light, can see colors, and are used in high illumination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adaption to the dark occurs as the photoreceptors regenerate their _____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each retina is connected to the brain by an ____; each consists of about 1 million ganglion cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most colorblind people have a genetic disorder of their ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genes that code for the photopigments are on the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ have only one cone type and see in black and white |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have only two cone types, either Red-Green colorblind or Blue-Yellow colorblind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have one cone type with an abnormal pigment; trouble distinguishing certain shades of color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 cone types, can see 100 times as many colors as normal trichromats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the cones are connected to ___ cells that send color information to the brain |
|
|
Term
| Three Types of Ganglion Cells |
|
Definition
| Red-Green, Blue-Yellow, and Black-White |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| color afterimages are produced when the ___ cells are fatigued (Castle pic example) |
|
|
Term
| Three Components of Attractive Faces |
|
Definition
| Symmetrical, close to the average face, and exaggerate sex specific features of the face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| miss large changes in scenes because the form perception areas can only process a small part of the scene at any one time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motion blindness, caused by damage to the motion perception areas of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manipulates depth cues to make you think both corners of the room are the same distance away |
|
|
Term
| The Muller-Lyler Illusion |
|
Definition
| manipulates vertices to make one line appear to be bulging toward you and the other away from you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| railroad tracks with depth cues that make the top bar look further away and thus bigger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressure waves in the atmosphere capable of being detected by auditory organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be found in the inner ear, and are used to tell the brain about the orientation and movement of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vestibular organ that indicates changes in linear acceleration and head tilt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vestibular organs that indicate changes in rotary acceleration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after spinning around, people experience the paradoxical motion in which the world appears to be spinning, but visually remains in the same place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by a dissociation between the visual and vestibular senses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touch, pain, and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder in which an individual is born incapable of experiencing pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common chemical sense, taste and smell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to detect chemical irritants; receptors are in the mouth, nose, and eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors in the mouth for salt, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami determine ____ sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors for smell are embedded in a tissue region called the _____ at the top of the nasal cavity |
|
|
