Term
|
Definition
| the systematic study of behavior and experience |
|
|
Term
| developmental psychologists |
|
Definition
| study of how behavior changes with age "from womb to tomb" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studies processes of thought and knowledge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tries to explain behaviors in terms of biological factors such as electrical and chemical activies in the nervous system, the effects of drugs and hormones, genetics and evolutionary pressures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of how an individual influences other people and how the group influences an individual |
|
|
Term
| cross cultural psychology |
|
Definition
| compares the behavior of people from different cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
has no specific definition
someone who provides therapy to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have an advanced degree in psychology with a specialty and understanding of people with psychological problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to clinical psychologist but with different training |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
help people with educcational, vocational, marraige, health related, and other decisions
ex: has a degree in PhD, PsyD, EdD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, courts, or other parts of the criminal justice system |
|
|
Term
| industrial/organizational psychology |
|
Definition
| psychological study of people at work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attempts to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialists in the physical condition of students |
|
|
Term
| who employs psychologists? |
|
Definition
1. hospitals, clinics, businesses
2. colleges and universities
3. private practices
4. government
5. other educational |
|
|
Term
| how did psychology get started? |
|
Definition
mostly began with aristotle and other philosophers and scientists
1879 Wundt established the first psychology lab in Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interests ranged from physiology to cultural differences in behavior
studied sensations and feelings
used introspection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
student of Wundt
taught psych at cornell
main question is nature of mental experiences
invented structuralism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind
-color
-shape
-texture
-etc.. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founder of american psychology
author of the principles of psychology in 1890
taught at Harvard
focused on what mind does, not what it is
invented functionalism
posed questions for others to answer and research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning how people process useful behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| field of psychology that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a well formed theory must be stated in such clear, precise terms that we can see what evidence would count against it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of inferring a general principle from observations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obligation to present evidence to support one's claim |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a clear predicative statement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately by following the same procedures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way of testing your hypothesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
investigator must follow clear rules on what constitutes as data
are the results impressive enough to make an explanation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determining what the results mean |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stinginess
scientists choose the theory or hypothesis with assumptions that are fewer, simpler or more consistent with other well established theories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncovering causes of behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| altering conditions that affect behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no observation can prove a theory to be true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determining the overall average effect of results from many different experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a definition that specifies the procedures used to produce or measure something or give it a numerical value
ex: to measure sense of humor, # of times someone laughs or smiles over a course of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals being studied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group chosen because it is easy to study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely resembles the population in its percentage of males and females, race, age, where someone lives and other characteristics that are likely to affect results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of people from at least two cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of an experimenter (unitentionally, usually) to distort or misinterperet results of an experiment based on the expected outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an observer who can record the data without knowing what the researcher predicted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pill with no known pharmacioligical effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants recieved which treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both the participants and the observer are unaware which patricipants recieve treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cues telling a participant what is expected of them and what the experimenter hopes to find |
|
|
Term
| naturalistic observations |
|
Definition
| careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thourough description of the person including abilities and disabilities, medical conditions, life history, unusual experiences and other things relavent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes or behaviors based on peoples responses to specific questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a measure of the relationshiop between two variables without controlling either of them
correlation range is -1.0 to +1.0
the higher the absolute value the stronger the relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study in which the investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring at least one variable |
|
|
Term
| ways to measure brain activity |
|
Definition
EEG (electroencephalograph)
PET (position emission tomagraphy)
FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses electrodes on the scalp to record rapid changes in brain electrical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| records radioactivity of various brain areas emitted from injected chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls internal organs, such as the heart involuntarily or atomatially
part of peripheral nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous sytem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
controls voluntary actions and communicates with the skin and muscles
part of peripheral nervous system |
|
|
Term
| the forebrain: cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
two hemispheres, left and right
4 lobes
-frontal
-temporal
-occipital
-parietal
subcortical areas
-hypothalamus
-amygdala
-hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| left and right hemispheres |
|
Definition
controls sensation and motor functioning for opposite side of body
communicate with eachother through corpus callosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in front of brain
responsible for organization, planning an action, and aspects of memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located on left and right side of the head
main area for hearing and complex aspects of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in the back of the head
main area is vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
just in front of occipital lobe
specialized for senses
-touch
-pain
-temperature
-body awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and other motivated behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control muscles of the head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important for any behavior requiring timing or aim, and coordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls muscles from the neck down and some reflexes |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
controlled by a chain of cells just outside of spinal cord
increases heart rate, breathing rate, sweating, etc..
fight or flight |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
controlled by cells at top and bottom of spinal cord
decreases heart rate, increases digestive activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion of energy from the environment by the nervous system to register information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how we interpret sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy from the environment that effects what we do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells in our body that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision receptor specialized for color vision, day time, and detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vision receptors used for vision in dim light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| your eyes adjusting to darker lighting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
green-red is most common
yellow-blue is least commmon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vibrations in the air or another medium (water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
measured in hertz (Hz)
number of vibrations or cycles of the sound wave per second
pitch is determined by frequency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines intensity and loudness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| location of hearing receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conduction deafness
nerve deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| results when the 3 bones in the ear fail to transmit sound waes properly to the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results from damage to the structures that recieve and transmit the impulses
ex: too much loud music |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pain receptors are simple nerve endings that travel to the spinal cord
perception of pain is a complex mixture of sensation and perception that can be swayed by emotion or a distraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
placebo effect
endorphins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detects chemicals on tongue
controls and motivates our eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located on the folds of the surface of the tongue
contain majority of human taste receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in mucous membranes in our back air passages
very important for nonhuman animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals released into the environment and are important for sexual communication |
|
|
