Term
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Definition
| Testimonials. Unreliable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tendency for some observations to be reported and others not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies w/ encouraging results are often published. |
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Term
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Definition
| People like results which support their hypothesis more. |
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Term
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Definition
| If subjects sense one response is desirable, they'll exhibit that response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neither experimenters nor participants know who is in control group and who is in experimental. |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled factors that could influence comparison btwn experimental and control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only internally valid if measures desired variable. |
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Term
| Within-Subject Comparisons |
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Definition
| Compare same subject in different settings. Problems bc of memory and adjustment. |
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Term
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Definition
| No manipulation, only observation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies relationship btwn. independent and dependent variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a 3rd variable could affect both independent and dependent vars. -->Correlation doesn't imply causation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigators observe and describe an individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| sample must represent population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subject must know about experiement and consent to taking part. Can create difficulties in running experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Experimenter must reveal all manipulation to subject after experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horse who could count. But could only do so because of some other visual clues. Blinded hans and hans got questions wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control |
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Term
| Key features of experiment |
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Definition
| manipulation, measurement, randomization, control of extraneous factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of consistency with which a test measures a trait or attribute. If trait is constant, test will produce same score every time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extent to which a test measures what it's meant to measure. |
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Term
| Why do we need descriptive and correlational approaches |
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Definition
| We can't always manipulate the var. |
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Term
| Strengths and Weaknesses Descriptive |
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Definition
| Specific, naturalistic. but not generalizable. |
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Term
| Strengths and Weaknesses Correlational |
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Definition
| Widely applicable, naturalistic. No causation though. |
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Term
| strengths and weaknesses experimental |
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Definition
| Can infer causation. But, artificial, can be unethical, not always possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is immediate cause (of behavior)? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is long-term cause (of behavior)? |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation (in fossils too), heredity, competition, differences in reproductive success. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process of change in allele frequency over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary analysis of human behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| One gene affects many traits |
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Term
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Definition
| Many genes affect one trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| Science focused on observing and characterizing animal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elicited by specific stimuli, all or nothing, performed by all members of species of appropriate age, condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| William James. How do mental processes serve organism. |
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Term
| Why are women choosier than men? |
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Definition
| Women have a higher reproductive burden than men. |
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Term
| How was women's pickiness tested? |
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Definition
| 2-tail t-test with number of men/women of interest in speed dating thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Classical Fitness (save yourself) vs. inclusive fitness (save your genes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawing conclusion about how things ought to be based on how things are. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| process that maintains good internal state of body |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintain stable body temps |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Automatic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Definition
| system of nerves sends control to glands and smooth muscles of internal organs and blood vessels. Two parts, sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of ANS. Revs up bodily activities for vigorous action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restores body's activities to normal after action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pea-sized brain region at base of forebrain. Governs ANS among other things. |
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Term
| How do we know to stop eating? |
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Definition
| liver detects glucose being turned into glycogen, and tells animals to stop eating. Fat cells, when full, secrete lepton, indicating no need to eat more. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Some clues potentiate other clues, making them more salient and persuasive. |
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Term
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Definition
| One part of hypothalamus is "go center" and other is "stop center." |
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Term
|
Definition
| studying humans and non-humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize sensory stimuli, not due to a problem in sensory systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inability to recognize familiar faces, not due to problems in sensory systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Saggital Slice Oreintation |
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Definition
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Term
| Coronal Slice Orientation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cut horizontally, cut top of head off. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects spinal cord to brain. Controls breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and some reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bridge where fibers cross brain. Above medulla. Controls attentiveness and helps govern sleeping and dreaming. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tries to understand nature, functions, and origins of nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individual Cells that act as main info. processors of nervous system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1st technique used to study brain. Links brain abnormality w/ observable changes in behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Understands brain function by closely examining individuals who have suffered brain damage. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cutting pathways to a piece of tissue, isolating it. |
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Term
| Transcranial Magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
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Definition
| Involves creation of series of strong magnetic pulses at location on scalp. Simulates brain dysfunction in region. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuroimaging technique. Involves series of x-rays of brain and then puts them together. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuroimaging technique. Makes atoms in brain tissue give off em energy, recoreded by detectors and assembles into 3-d rep. of brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuroimaging technique. electroencephalography. Detects electrical currents in brain by affixing metal electrodes to head. Can detect activity, but not precisely. |
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Term
|
Definition
| neuroimaging technique. positron emission tomography. Participant injected w/ radioactive sugar resembling glucose. More active brain cells soak up more sugar and send stronger signals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| functional MRI. Adapts MRI procedures to detect fast-changing aspects of brain physiology w/o radioactivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| If X can be disrupted while sparing Y, and Y can be disrupted while sparin X, then the two are controlled by distinct brain mechanisms. |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
|
Definition
| Includes Brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Definition
| Nerves in body. Includes efferent nerves and afferent nerves (carry signals from/to CNS to/from Body respectively). |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carry signals from CNS to body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carry signals from body to CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| 12 pairs of nerves that don't go through spinal cord. Control movements of head, neck, face functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes nerves that control skeletal muscles. part of PNS. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Part of PNS. Includes efferent nerves that regulate body organs and afferent nerves that bring CNS info about these organs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sits directly on top of spinal cord and includes structures for controlling life functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| sits on top of hindbrain. Coordinates movement and relays info from senses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest Part. Ability to use language, beliefs, memories, coping styles, emotional reactions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest part of hindbrain. Movement, balance, spatial reasoning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outer surface of forebrain. Lots of tissue because it is crumpled |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| longest valley btwn. wrinkles. divides brain into left and right cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| from front of brain, right behind forehead. divided by central fissure from parietal lobes. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Below Frontal Lobes. Lateral fissure separates from frontla lobes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| topmost part of brain. Separated from frontal lobes by central fissure. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Brain region that acts as relay station for all info. going to brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| under thalamus. Controls motivated behaviors like eating, drinking, and sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes hippocampus and amygdala |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brain is symmetrical around midline, so hippocampi on both sides, cortices on both sides, etc. Assymetry btwn haves called LATERALIZATION |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thick bundles of fiber that carry info back and forth btwn halves. Thickest is Corpus callossum |
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|
Term
| Left vs. right side of brain |
|
Definition
| Left has languagee skills and inference skills. Right has spatial skill and facial recognition. |
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Term
| Primary sensory projection areas |
|
Definition
| receiving stations for info. arriving from sensory organs. |
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Term
| Primary motor projection areas. |
|
Definition
| Departure point for signals that enter lower brain and spinal cord, stimulating, muscle movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulating left side of brain --> motion on right side of body and vice-versa |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Area |
|
Definition
| Directly behind primary motor area, in parietal lobe (motor area is in frontal lobe). Receiving area for sensory info from skin senses. each part of body sends signal to certain part of area. Disproportionate, w/ most sensitive parts taking up most space. Also contralateral. |
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Term
| Visual Primary projection Area |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Auditory primary projection area |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be caused by lesion in cortex of frontal lobe. disturbancedi n initiation or organization of voluntary action. might come from disconnection btwn. primary and nonmprimary areaas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Patient systematically neglects one side of body/ vision field. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lesions in cortex that lead to disruptions in production or comprehension of speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| involve production of speech and involve region of left frontal lobe called Broca's area |
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Term
|
Definition
| patient can talk but can't understand what's said to them. Associated w/ wernicke's area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| frontmost part of fronatl lobe. Gives us inhibition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clumps of neurons that each control individual mvmts. Found in complex invertebrates. Dominant ganglia found in head. to send messages, needed more neural machinery. |
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Term
| Nervous System Development |
|
Definition
| after egg's fertilized, egg genes trigger rapid cell reproduction. Chem signals make cells differentiate. Called neurogenesis. brain starts to develop very early. IN early gestation no distinction btwn. neurons and glia, but they slowly migrate to right place in brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| dendrites, cell body (soma), axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| input side of neuron. Receive signals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Output side of neurons. sends neural impulses to other neurons. Extends from cell body in wispy thread and forks into axonal branches |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides pathway that begins with CNS and transmits nerve impulse to muscle fiber. carries efferent signal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that convey impulses from receptors toward rest of nervous sytem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that are interposed between two or more other nurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Guide migrating neurons tto destinations and influence what connections are made btwn neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glial cells that increase speed at which neurons can communicate. coats and wraps around axons. Uncoated gaps (nodes of Ranvier) are crucial in speeding up nerve impulses travelling along axons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| myelinated axons traversing long distances |
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Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies, dendrites, and unmylinated axons and interneurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| small negative voltage from charge of resting axon |
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Term
|
Definition
| if voltage difference across membrane is reduced to lower than this, neuron reverses itself, then returns to normal. Destabilization-restabilization sequence called ACTION POTENTIAL. |
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Term
|
Definition
| let certain ions pass through cell membrane but block others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| such ions in or push them out. |
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|
Term
| Action Potential and Ions |
|
Definition
| Na+ mostly outside neuron and K+ mostly inside. When membrane is stable, Na+ pumped to outside and kept there, while K_free to enter or leave. Accounts for some of some of resting potential. When membrane is sufficiently excited (excitation threshold), ion channels open and NA+ floods neuron, then membrane restores itself to normal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temporarioy positive voltage along axon triggers domino effect of opening ion channels along axon. If myelinated, destabilization process skips from node to node, making it much faster. |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by melin breaking down. |
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Term
|
Definition
| If stimulus is strong enough to destabilize membrane, it doesn't matter if it's stronger. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Along with neurons that form it, gap btwn. two neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process in which effects of stimulation accumulate over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Easier to elicit response if stimulated in multiple places at once rather than at one place. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Excitement of each constituent of a pair, causing inhibition of the other. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Sacs in pre-synaptic neurons that have nuerotransmitters inside. |
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Term
| Neurotransmission Process |
|
Definition
| Presynaptic neuron fires and vesicles eject nts across synaptic gap. NTs cross gap and impinge on postsynaptic membrane. once across, nts activate specialized mlecular receptors, opening ion channels, lowering voltage difference if excitatory. Or if inhibitory, increases voltage diff. |
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|
Term
| Neurotransmission Destructiion |
|
Definition
| Sometimes destroyed by chemical enzymes. Also can be reused in synaptic reuptake. |
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Term
|
Definition
| NTS ejected from post-S receptors, vacuumed by molecular pumps, and repackaged. Some cases, so much bombardment that cleanup system is overwhelmed --> temporal summation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sleep, mood, and arousal. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NTs will only affect post-S membrane if NT's shape fits synaptic receptor molecules. Must also be able to turn it. some NTs only work when other NTS have 'opened their locks.' |
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Term
|
Definition
| some neurons involved in high-speed actions might not use NTs and just have narrow electrical synapses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| light-sensitive area at rear of each eyeball. Proximal stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Our perception of things is based on us effectively categorizing data. |
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Term
|
Definition
| charting of relationship btwn. physical stimuli and psychological experiences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| smallest stimulus change that observer can reliably detect |
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|
Term
| Just-noticeable difference (JND) |
|
Definition
| Psychological entity that's result of minimal stimulus change. |
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Term
|
Definition
Size of difference threshold is constant fraction of stimulus we are comparing to.
deltaI/I =c, where deltaI is amount that must be added to stimulus to produce noticeable increase, and I is physical intensity of stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| People may differ in how well/often they perceive things |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus absent, but subject says it's present |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus present, and subject says 'yes' |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulus present, and subject says 'no.' |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulus absent, and subject says 'no.' |
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Term
|
Definition
| If individuals differ in sensitivity, they'll differ in proportions of correct and incorrect responses. If differ in criteria for responding, they'll differ in yes/no proportions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| What's minimal stimulus that can be detected at all. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Collective term for info. that comes from repectors in muscles, tendons, and joints that tells us about our movements and orientation of our body in space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptors in inner cavity in ear, signal movements of head. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pressure, warmth, cold, pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Common step to all senses, when physical stimulus is converted into neural . |
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Term
|
Definition
| A "code" is a set of rules through which info is transferred from one format to another. |
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|
Term
| Psychological Intensity causes |
|
Definition
| Coded by firing more neurons more frequently |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference in neural code telling us we see the flower instead of touching it or smelling it. matters which nerve is being stimulated. |
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|
Term
| Doctrine of specific nerve energies |
|
Definition
| Differences in sensory quality are caused by different nervous structures stimuli excite. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Different sensory qualities are signalled by differnet neurons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| different sensory qualities are caused by which neurons are firing more and which less at any given moment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Caused by movement agitating our particles. Louder as amplitude increases. Wide range, so scientists measure with logarithmic scale (+10db = x2 loudness). Frequency <-> Pitch. |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep w/in ear, receptors for hearing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| collects sound waves from air and directs them toward eardrum (membrane at end of auditory canal). ear drum vibrates, and vibrations are transmitted to oval window (membrane that separates inner ear from outer ear). Accomplished by auditory ossicles. vibration gives rise to waves in fluid that fills cochlea. cochlea are receptors, cylce over. |
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Term
|
Definition
| divides cochlea into upper and lower. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Actual auditory receptors, lodged btwn. basilar membrane and membranes above it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| motion of oval window -> Pressure changes in cochlear fluid -> vibrations in basilar membrane -> deformations bend hair cells -> neural response. |
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|
Term
| Hermann von Helmholtz place theory |
|
Definition
| Nervous system able to identify pitch by tracking where movement is greatest along basilar membrane. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lower pitches make neuron fire less frequently. |
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|
Term
| Further processing of auditory info |
|
Definition
| Neurons carry signals from cochlea to midbrain, then to thalamus, then to temporal cortex, main area for hearing. Localization based on comparison btwn. ears. neurons have preferred pitch, frequency of sound to which neuron fires more often than for other pitches. We identify pitch by pattern code. Nuerons with similar preferred pitches are close to each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| map organized according to tone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detect light in vertebrates. on retina -- layer of tissue lining back of eyeball. Cornea and lens focus incoming light. Iris contracts or dilates as amount of illumination changes. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Retina contains two kinds receptor cells, rods and cones. cones plentiful in fovea; small circular region at center of retina, then less frequent. Rods are opposite. Receptors stimulate bipolar cells, which excite gangliion cells. Ganglion cells collect info. from all over retina, and then axons converge to form optic nerve. Optic nerve carries info to lateral geniculate nucleus, in thalamus, and then to occipital cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rods handle low light intensities and lead to achromatic sensations. Cones are opposites. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical inside photoreceptor that is sensitive to light. Allows transduction of light to chemical signal. rods and cones contain different photopigments. |
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|
Term
| Importance of Change in Vision |
|
Definition
| Photorecpetors are sensitive to differences, and fire more strongly in response to changes in stimulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Same shade of grey looks brighter against black background than white background. Visual system amplifies boundaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uniform strips of gray in ascending brightness. Perceived that each strip goes from darker to lighter from left to right. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Activity in one region inhibits response in adjacent regions. Because cells on edge are only laterally inhibited on one side, we see edges clearly. Or, in dark patches, inhibited more, so edges are clearer. |
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Term
|
Definition
| attribute that distinguishes blue from green and red. varies w/ wavelength. |
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Term
|
Definition
| dimension of color that differentiates black from white |
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Term
|
Definition
| Has no hue. Brightness is also applicable to chromatic colors |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red activates long-wavelength preferring receptors, green medium, and blue short. |
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|
Term
| simultaneous color contrast |
|
Definition
| chromatic counterpart of brightness contrast. Any chromatic color in visual field tends to induce complementary color in adjoinng areas (If we stare at color for some time and then look at white, we see negative afterimage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Output from cones is recoded into pairs of colors. Red v. Green, Blue v. yellow, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fire in response to line or edge of particular orientation, but indifferent to location w/in visual field. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difference btwn. two eyes' views |
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Term
|
Definition
| Monocular distance cues that can create impression of depth, even on flat surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blocking of our view of one object by another object. |
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|
Term
| Linear Perspective and Relative size |
|
Definition
| Distant objects produce smaller retinal image than nearby objects of same size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| e.g. cobblestones, sand...can show spatial layout of vast surfaces. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Entire pattern of motion in retina provides this clue. When we move our heads, pts. closer to us than our focus move in opposite direction, pts. further away move in same direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As we move toward/away from object, entire visual field changes, giving us distance cue |
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Term
|
Definition
| If a light is turned on in one place, then turned off, and then a light is turned on in another place, we interpret the light to have moved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fire if stimulus moves across receptive field in specific direction. can act as motion detectors. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Our nervous system compensates for retinal displacement. tested by paralyzing eye movement. Found to be true. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| If luminous dot is put in frame, and we see frame move, we perceive dot to have moved. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| subjects can find circle in a field of v's very easily |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| School of psychology that believes our mind is based on idea that whole form is sum of its parts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| We organize whole into its constituent parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| preference for contours that continue smoothly along original course. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Good continuation applies even if there's a gap in the contour. |
|
|
Term
| Classical Approach to Perception |
|
Definition
| We can seek general way to describe broad characteristics of perception processes. |
|
|
Term
| neuroscience approach to perception |
|
Definition
| How processes of perception are realized w/in nervous system. |
|
|
Term
| Classical Approach to Perception |
|
Definition
| We add extra layer of perception to what stimulus provides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We manage to distinguish changes in proximal stimulus caused by our viewing position from those caused by change in distal stimulus. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Viewing sizes correctly despite changes in viewing distance. |
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|
Term
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Definition
| We can account for change in viewing angle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perceiving objects as having unchanging position despite changes in proximal stimulus (we subtract retinal change) |
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Term
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Definition
| relevant information involves relationship btwn size (shape) of retinal image and other attributes of stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Hermann Von Helmholtz. Simple inverse relationship between distance and retinal image size. We do subconscious multiplication of retinal size and distance to find actual size of stimulus object, called "unconscious inference." |
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Term
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Definition
| Hierarchical network of feature detectors. models of this network called featur nets. can be bottom-driven=data driven, or top-driven=knowledge driven. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of knowledge-driven perception processes. Tell subject they'll see something edible and recognition of picture of apple is faster. |
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Term
| Simultaneous Multiple-Constraint satisfaction |
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Definition
| Data-driven and knowledge-driven perception work together in simultaneous multiple-constraint satisfaction. Features detected by network and perceivers' expectations both provide constraints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing takes time, and we shift our eyes. But nerual response to stimuli only tapers off gradually when we shift our view. |
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Term
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Definition
| 30 geometric components that are building blocks of all shapes of all objects. |
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Term
| Neuroscience Approach to Perception |
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Definition
| neurons are specialized, even at ganglion stage of vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller ganglion cells, cover retina, sensitive to color differences, and perceive color/form. |
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Term
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Definition
| larger, in periphery areas, colorblind but perceive brightness, detect motion and perceive death. |
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Term
| Parallel processing in visual cortex |
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Definition
| Visual system relies on different cells each specializing in particular kind of analysis. Work simultaneously. Allows for speed and comparison. Brain area analyzing features of pattern work at same time as brain areas analyzing pattern's large scale configuration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway that carries info. from visual cortex to temporal cortex. DOes identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathway to parietal cortex. Tells us where object is |
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Term
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Definition
| How do we re-integrate separated visual info? Speculation that it's done when neurons fire at same rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| We turn head and eyes to focus on seomething. Attention helps solve binding problem. Synthesis occurs when we focus on info. |
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Term
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Definition
| False ideas about how characteristics of things are bundled together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believe that all learning can be described by simple associations, built layer upon layer. |
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Term
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Definition
| decline in organism's response to stimulus once stimulus has become familiar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in responsiveness caused by presentation of something novel. |
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Term
| Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) |
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Definition
| US (food) --> UR (saliva). CS(bell) prsented with US(food) --> UR (saliva). Then CS (bell) --> CR (saliva). |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| using CS and CR to create another CS |
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Term
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Definition
| CS-US links undergo extinction, when CS is repeatedly presented w/o US |
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Term
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Definition
| After extinction, the presentation of further learning trials. Subjects learn faster than they did initially. |
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Term
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Definition
| Afer extinction, if there's rest period, and CS is presented, it will often elicit CR even though relationship was extinguished earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects respond w/ CR to range of stimuli, so long as stimuli are sufficiently similar to CS |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern that greater diff. btwn. new stimulus and CS, weaker CR. |
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Term
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Definition
| We can be conditioned to differentiate btwn two similar stimuli (CS+ and CS-. CS+ is paired with US, CS- is not). IN these cases, CS- is inhibitor, inhibiting response elicited by CS+ in that response to CS- is opposite of response to CS+, not just neutral). |
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Term
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Definition
| CS most effective when presented before US, but not too much before. Subject should be able to anticipate US, and therefore UR. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mere fact that CS and US occur together in time is not enough. We have to eliminate all other stimuli. We need consistency. we notice if US is contingent on CS, more likely to occur in presence than absence. |
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Term
| Absence of Contingency (w/ shock) |
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Definition
| If prob. of shock following tone is same as prob. of no shock, animals fell fear all the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| If US was not expected but arrives anyhow, strengthening of association. If US expected, but doesn't arrive, weakening of association. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes subject doesn't repsond to CS2 because association with CS1 is too strong and CS2 is redundant. |
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Term
| Conditioned emotional response |
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Definition
| We see that fear disrupts other activities. ex. Rat presses lever for food, light comes on, and then rat is shocked. Measure fear by time rat takes to stop pressing lever. Response Suppression. |
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Term
| Compensatory Response (diabetic) |
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Definition
| INsulin lowers blood sugar, but diabetics blood sugar will rise when they see a needle, due to homeostasis |
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Term
| Instrumental Conditioning |
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Definition
| Allows us to account for voluntary actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| edward thorndike. Hungry cat put in box that it could only open by performing some simple action. outside puzzle box, rewarded w/ food. 1st. time, took long time, then shorter and shorter. Demonstrating learning curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| If response is followed by a reward, it will be strengthened. |
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Term
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Definition
| B.F. Skinner. Sharp distinction btwn. claassical and instrumental conditioning. In instrumental, reactions are emitted from within. |
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Term
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Definition
| Operate on environment to bring about change and consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| rat presses lever or pigeon presses lit key to gain reward, we record response rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| reward in instrumental conditioning. Could be presentation of good or removal of bad. |
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Term
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Definition
| Role external stimuli play in instrumental conditioning. ex. pigeon taught to hop on platform to get grain. Grain only present when green light on, not red light. Green/Red lights are discriminative stimuli (S+ and S-) |
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Term
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Definition
| Way to get subjects to do things tehy wouldn't normally do. One way is by successive approximation -- rewards in steps until we reach our goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have biological significance. Includes food, water... |
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Term
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Definition
| Intrinsically neutral, but act as reinforcers due to experience of animal. |
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Term
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Definition
| effectiveness of reinforcer will depend on what other rewards are available. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nursery Kids like to draw because they enjoy it. But, if given reward for drawing and then reward is taken away, kids don't want to draw anymore. |
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Term
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Definition
| We are only rewarded some of the time |
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Term
| Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule |
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Definition
| ex. every 3 times pigeon pecks lit up key, gets grain. |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that takes place w/o change in behavior (no reward). |
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Term
| Act-Outcome Representation |
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Definition
| Knowledge abou specific relationships btwn. actions and their outcomes. ex. rats pull chain for food, press lever for sugar water. But, if choose water, injected with bad-tasting/toxin. Start pulling chain more often. |
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Term
| Contingency in Instrumental learning |
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Definition
| response needs to be predictive of reward. ex. infants who activate mobile by shaking their head are much more interested in mobile than infants who have mobile activated for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired sense that one's lost control over environment. Give up trying. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two groups of dogs in hammocks. Both shocked. one group can stop shock for both gruops, other group can't do anything. Then moved to box. Had to climb wall to avoid shock. Group w/ control learned way faster. Other group gave up and took shocks. similar to depression in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| species are pre-dsposed to form some associations. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we try a food and it makes us sick, we don't want to eat the food again. |
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Term
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Definition
| When it takes us only one CS-US pairing to learn something. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capacity for neurons to change way they function as consequence of experience. 1) More NTS transmitted 2) more sensitive post-S nuerons 3) New synapses |
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Term
| Long-term Potentiation/Depression |
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Definition
| responsiveness of postsynaptic neuron increases/decreases. LTP produced when one neuron stimulates another repeatedly. |
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Term
| Activity Dependence (potentiation) |
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Definition
| Spread of potentiation is activity dependent. neuron will only be potentiated toward active nuerons. New synapses formed by growth of DENDRITIC SPINES. |
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Term
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Definition
| Medulla, Cerebellum, Pons |
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Term
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Definition
| Amygdala, Thalamus, Hypothalamus,Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| motor, cognition, problem solving, decision-making, personality, language (broca's area) |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory cortex, Touch, pressure, spatial awareness, temperature, pain. Fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, shape) |
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Term
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Definition
| Smell, hearing, Memory, Language |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 50 cytoarchitecutral areas defined according to size, cell density, layers, and density of myelinated axons |
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Term
| Body Integrity Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| Feels like body part's not yours. Desire to amputate it. linked to somatosensory dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of fibers connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas |
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Term
| Single-Cell Electrophysiology |
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Definition
| Measuring electrical activity in single neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of NT. Catecholamines. Seratonin |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of NT. Excitatory (Glutamate) or Inhibitory (GABA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls movement, mood, motivation, reward, transmission low in Parkinson's. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress responses, influences alertness, arousal, and reward. Anxiety and mood disorders. Anti-depressant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates mood, body temp. Depression, impulsive behavior, and aggression |
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Term
| Objectivist view of Perception |
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Definition
| Perception creates accurate internal rep. of external world. |
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Term
| Subjectivist View of Perception |
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Definition
| Perception imposes organization on world. Perception of organized world is all in your head. |
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Term
| Synthetic view of Perception |
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Definition
| HOw accurately we percieve world depends on limitations of nervous system and how accurately we need to perceive it. |
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Term
| Reqs for Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Attend to behavior, encode symbolically, motor reproduction, motivation. |
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