Term
| The cats in the puzzle box experiment was made to prove |
|
Definition
Thorndikes Law & Trial & error learning
(got out of the box more then they went in the box) |
|
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Term
| Johnny got an A on his test. His parents paid him $20. They are using... |
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Definition
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Term
| Spanking is ______ because you add spanking to make a bad behavior stop |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Putting on a seatbelt to get rid of the annoying dinging is___ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Nagging your boyfriend to get him to do what you want |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A _______ wouldnt work on small children who have not made a lot of associations yet or on someone from a different culture who does not value money the way we do |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Food, Water, and sleep are_______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ consists of gradually molding desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Using a series of gradual steps to teach pigeons to play piano is an example of ______ |
|
Definition
| Successive Approximations (reinforce after every step) |
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Term
| Children misbehave more when they are being watched by their grandparents and their parents are not present. Example of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses there is a _______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In a fixed ratio situation the faster people respond the ____ reinforcers they recieve |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When reinforcement is given after a varying number of correct responses and had the highest rate of responses there is a: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Workers being paid by a salary, rather than an hourly wage is an example of; |
|
Definition
Fixed interval schedule
(dealing w time) |
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Term
| During a fixed interval schedule, responding ______ immediately after reinforcement and ______ just before the next reinforce is due |
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Definition
- Decreases
- Pauses or sharply declines |
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Term
| When reinforcement is given after the first correct response that follows a varying amount of time is ______ |
|
Definition
| Variable-interval Schedule |
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Term
| If you want to train your dog to do a trick, which of the reinforcement schedules will produce highest rates of response without spending a lot on dog treats? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| If parents never reward whining, the behavior will stop, if they give in occasionally, it will persist and be extremely hard to extinguish. Example of: |
|
Definition
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Term
| Reward seeking is when _____ of tangible rewards may undermine people's intrinsic motivation to regulate their own behavior |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Factors that influence operant conditioning (3) |
|
Definition
1. The magnitude of reinforcement
2. The immediacy of reinforcement
3. The level of motivation of the learner |
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Term
| Tim stops staying up late after sleeping through an important exam. Example of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A driver speeds less often after suffering a 6-month suspension. example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Getting out of bed to turn off a leaky faucet. Example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 disadvantages of punishment |
|
Definition
1. Punishment doesnt extinguish and undesirable behavior
2. Punishment indicates that a behavior is unacceptable but doesnt help people develop more appropriate behavior
3. The person who is severely punished often becomes fearful and feels angry and hostile toward the punisher |
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Term
| Seligman is associated with: |
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Definition
| Positive psychology & Dog shocking equipment |
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Term
| _______ is the passive resignation to aversive conditions learned through repeated exposure to inescapable and ______ aversive events |
|
Definition
-Learned Helpfulness
- Unavoidable
(think they cant get out of the situation so they just let themselves suffer) |
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|
Term
| A raccoon was trained to put money in a piggy bank. It worked for a while but then they started treating the money itself like food. Described as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Token economies use _____ to reinforce positive behaviors and work well in schools and _______ |
|
Definition
-Chips or coupons
- Mental institutions |
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|
Term
| According to the time schedule discussed in class a 7 yr old should be in time out for how long? |
|
Definition
| 7 minutes (1 min per year) |
|
|
Term
| A reinforcer needs to be ______ to a person/animal you are trying to train |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mental processes such as thinking, knowing, problem solving, remembering, and forming mental representations are known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learning by insight includes: |
|
Definition
- the sudden realization of the relationship between elements in a problem situation, which makes the solution apparent
- chimps who had given up in attempts to get bananas suddenly returned with a solution not accounted by trial and error
- transferred the learning to other situation |
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|
Term
| A mental representation of a spatial arrangement is the definition of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tolman and Honzik did a study focusing on ____ and explained the results with the idea of _______ |
|
Definition
-Latent Learning
- Cognitive maps |
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|
Term
| In Tolman & Honzik's study the mice who were originally not reinforced daily, but after the 11th day had cheese at the end of the maze, did ______ than the ones who were reinforced from day one |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Watching someone use appropriate silverwear at an elaborate state dinner so you, too, act correctly can BEST be described as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Learning how to do a math problem by watching your teacher work through the examples step by step is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stacey watches teen mom all the time. She is also 14 like one of the girls on the show and sees all the cool stuff the girl is doing. She was taught that getting pregnant at a young age would be bad but after watching it she decides she should get pregnant so she could be famous and on the front of magazines. Example of: |
|
Definition
Disinhibitory Effect
(start behavior because you see someone doing it and not getting punished) |
|
|
Term
| Slowing down when you see someone else receiving a speeding ticket. Example of: |
|
Definition
Inhibitory Effect
(see someone else get punished) |
|
|
Term
| The bobo dol study, done by _____, showed shaping with _____ behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the bobo doll experiment the kids saw the video ______ and the girls were _______ as the boys. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Children are less likely to do ____ when they see that it is punished but are still likely to do ________ even if they see someone be punished |
|
Definition
-random acts of aggression
- revenge acts |
|
|
Term
| Concerns about media violence have recently shifted towards: |
|
Definition
Video Games
(end chapter 6) |
|
|
Term
| _______ uses computer science to provide models to help psychologists understand the processes of memory |
|
Definition
Information-processing theory
(begin chapt. 7) |
|
|
Term
| 3 processes of remembering |
|
Definition
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval |
|
|
Term
| What has a memory system that has a large capacity but only for a short duration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During short term memory information is lost through (3): |
|
Definition
1. Decay
2. Displacement
3. Interference |
|
|
Term
| Holding an image, such as a lightening bolt, for a fraction of a second is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is when you group or organize bits of info into larger units |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Rhyme
2. Method of Loci (remembering)
3. First letter technique |
|
|
Term
| What had the deepest level of processing and deals with understanding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knowing all the presidents of the US is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is when an earlier encounter increases the speed or accuracy that something can be thought of at a later time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An essay exam is a way to test: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cramming for tests is ultimately ineffective because you are not able to recall as well info that you studied in the middles of your session. this is due to: (3) |
|
Definition
1. Serial Position Effect
2. Primacy Effect
3. Recency Effect |
|
|
Term
| ______ states that info is easier to recall when a person is in the same environmental context when they learned it |
|
Definition
| Context dependent memory (place) |
|
|
Term
| State-dependent memory effect |
|
Definition
| Whatever pysc mood youre in |
|
|
Term
| Having an understanding of what it would be like to go to a football game at William Brice is an example of: |
|
Definition
| Schema (assumptions in your mind) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Remember big things so you fill in the rest of the story |
|
|
Term
| One year your uncle tells you a story about how he caught a 5ft fish. The next year he tells the same story but the fish is 7ft. The following year he says it was 10ft long. Example of: |
|
Definition
| Positive bias (making yourself seem better) |
|
|
Term
| The news of the death of a family member can become a: |
|
Definition
| Flashbulb Memory (very vivid, memorable) |
|
|
Term
| Eidetic Imagery is also called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Factors that influence high recall of flashbulb memory |
|
Definition
1. Emotionally
2. Consequentiality
3. Rehearsal |
|
|
Term
| Stories set in your own culture ______ remembered than those set in other cultures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viewing members of a lineup one at a time rather than all together _____ errors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is when misleading info supplied after the even confounds a witnesses memory |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the inability to recall events from the first few years of life likely due to limited language and hippocampus development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| London taxi drivers have a larger _____ which is used in forming semantic and navigational memories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| John receieved an injury to the brain and can no longer form long-term memories. John is suffering from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less memory before the accident (the vow) |
|
|
Term
| After studying the sea snail, Donald Hebb believe that forming memories is like blazing a trail through the woods.This isnt true for people with: (3) |
|
Definition
1. Alzheimers
2. Schizophrenia
3. Depression |
|
|
Term
| ______ improves working memory efficiency and the development and maintenance of synapses in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is when degenerative brain processes diminish the ability to remember and process info |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Ebbinhaus's curve of forgetting the majority of forgetting actually occurs within the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Encoding failure
2. Decay theory
3. Interference |
|
|
Term
| If you pick up bad habits in your golf swing earlier on you will experience _____ when trying to learn how to correctly swing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you dont want to take a test you might forget there was even a test because you didnt really want to take the test in the first place. This is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Practicing or studying material beyond the point where it can be repeated once without error is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| it is more helpful to do ____ versus ______ practice because you will retain the info better |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cognition is the mental process involved in: (4) |
|
Definition
1. Acquiring
2. Storing
3. Retrieving
4. Using info
(end chapt. 7) |
|
|
Term
| When you go to the doc they listen to your general symptoms and decide what your specific illness is from that general info. the doc is using their medical knowledge, along with ______ to make a diagnosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A form of reasoning that includes a major and minor premise that results in a conclusion from these 2 premises is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is useful in maintaining motor skills? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Food
2. Candy
3. Movie Snack
(concept= large category) |
|
|
Term
| A formal concept is also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sorting fans at a game by which team they are cheering for is an example of: |
|
Definition
| Natural Concept (perception) |
|
|
Term
| A child sees an animal that they havent seen before. The child trieds to decide if it is a dog and then pictures what a typical dog looks like. How is the child using the dog to categorize the new animal? |
|
Definition
Prototype
(that is most common) |
|
|
Term
| A person who works with penguins at the zoo might view the penguin as a _____ of a bird |
|
Definition
Exemplar
(based off of experiences) |
|
|
Term
| ______ involves choosing among alternatives, whereas _____ involves finding a solution without having the answers readily available |
|
Definition
- Decision making
- Problem solving |
|
|
Term
| When choosing a new place to live you first set criteria on how much you are going to spend, how close to campus, then how much space available. Afterwards you rank this criteria then choose an alternative that fits the criteria best. This is an example of: |
|
Definition
| Systematic decision making and Elimination by aspects |
|
|
Term
| ________ are rules of thumb derived from experience |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You choose to go to a certain school because you were just there and the football team was awesome. This is due to: |
|
Definition
Availability Heuristic
(readily available in your mind) |
|
|
Term
| You got to a mall in a different state and they dont have any of the stores that you usually shop. You see a store that has similar clothes to Forever 21 and decide to shop there. You are using: |
|
Definition
Representative Heuristic
(matches prototype) |
|
|
Term
| You are filing out the ballot for your schools class president. You dont know much about the candidates but you vote for Sally Simpson because you hear her name around campus alot. Example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When someone is focusing on the minimum credit card payments, which leads to them having higher interest charges is an example of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you spill coffee on your shirt in the morning and use spray and wash to get the stain out and it works, you will be very likely to use spray and wash again next time you have a stain. This is an example of: |
|
Definition
Analogy Heuristic
(apply solution that worked in the past) |
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|
Term
| When you are cooking your roomate like to keep adding things when she doesnt think it tastes good. You prefer to use a recipe. You are using: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your grandmother always mails her bills in the old school ways instead of using automatic bill pay online. You have to be understanding that she is showing signs of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work within a limited domain |
|
|
Term
| Youre father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue to get better your second year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Your car has a red, annoying flashing light that blinks if you start the car without buckling. You become more likely to buckle your seatbelt when you start the car. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A professor has a policy of exempting students from the final exam if they maintain perfect attendence during the quarter. His student's attendence increases dramatically. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When I didnt return home at the right time, my parents wouldnt let me have the car the next week. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A child is acting up in the grocery store. The mom wants the child to stop being so loud so she spanks him. |
|
Definition
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