Term
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Definition
| a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations |
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Term
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Definition
| correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables |
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| The "Big Five" Personality Traits |
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Definition
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism |
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Definition
| outgoing, sociable, upbeat, friendly, assertive, and gregarious |
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Definition
| anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable |
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| curiosity, flexibility, vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional attitudes |
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Definition
| sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward |
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| Conscientiousness (Constraint) |
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Definition
| diligent, disciplined, well-organized, punctual, and dependable |
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Term
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Definition
| all the diverse theories descended from the word of Sigmund Freud hat focus on unconscious mental forces |
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Definition
| the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle |
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Definition
| demands immediate gratification of its urges |
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Definition
| the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle |
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Definition
| seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found |
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Definition
| the moral component of personality and incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior |
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Definition
| largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt |
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Term
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Definition
| creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another |
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Term
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Definition
| diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target |
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Term
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Definition
| behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a reversion to immature patterns of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality |
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Term
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Definition
| a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected |
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Term
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Definition
| children manifest erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
| a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past |
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Term
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Definition
| emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| a universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges |
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Definition
| efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others |
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Term
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Definition
| a person whose behavior is observed by another |
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Term
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Definition
| one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes |
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Definition
| a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experiences |
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Term
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs |
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Definition
a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused.
Self-actualization
Aesthetic
Cognitive
Esteem
Belongingness and Love
Safety and Security
Physiological |
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Term
| Need for Self-Actualization |
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Definition
| the need to fulfill one's potential |
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Term
| Self-Actualizating Persons |
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Definition
| people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth |
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Term
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Definition
THEORIST: Sigmund Freud
SOURCE OF DATA: clinical practice
MOTIVATION: sex and aggression
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: id, ego, and superego
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: experiences in early childhood
ROOT OF DISORDERS: unconscious fixations and unresolved conflicts from childhood |
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Term
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Definition
THEORIST: B. F. Skinner
SOURCE OF DATA: laboratory experiments
MOTIVATION: pursuit of primary (unlearned) and secondary (learned) reinforcers
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: response tied to specific stimulus situations
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: evolves gradually with reinforcers
ROOT OF DISORDERS: maladaptive behavior due to faulty learning |
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Term
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Definition
THEORIST:
Carl Rogers
SOURCE OF DATA: clinical practice
MOTIVATION: maintain self-concept; hierarchy of needs
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: self-concept, which may or may not mesh well with actual experience
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: children who receive unconditional love better at attaining self-concept
ROOT OF DISORDERS: incongruence between self and actual experiences |
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Term
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Definition
THEORIST: Hans Eysenck
SOURCE OF DATA: twin studies
MOTIVATION: n/a
PERSONALITY STRUCTURE: hierarchy of traits
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT: inherited predispositions interact with learning experiences
ROOT OF DISORDERS: genetic vulnerability |
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