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This unit addresses the cultural aspects of the United States history during the 19th century.
* In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.
* Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement. |
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Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877 |
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[image]Prisons
• Temperance |
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[image]Leading African-American abolitionist,
accomplished orator and writer |
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[image]Key spokesperson for Suffrage – right to vote
• the 19th century women’s suffrage movement |
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• Leader of the 19th century women’s suffrage movement
• Called for the first convention of women’s movement in Seneca Falls
• Wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention |
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Political, Social, and Economic Contributions of Women to American Society
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• Political: began the fight for suffrage
• Social: allowed women to be successful in other fields
• Economic: fought for women’s rights; they were able to get the work day reduced to 10 hours a day |
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Historical Development of the Abolitionist Movement
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• Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery
• 1807 – Congress banned the importation of African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery
• 1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number
• 1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in |
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• Public Education
• Opening of public schools
• Primarily in the North as well as private grade schools and colleges
• By churches and other groups |
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[image]Organized societies that worked at trying to stop the drinking of alcohol
ØSome states passed laws that made it illegal to sell alcohol |
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[image]Women’s Rights
ØWell organized groups that fought for better working conditions for women
ØWere able to pass a federal law that ordered a 10 hour working day |
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• Prison Reform
– Pushed for separate jails for women, men, and children
– Called for the mission of prisons to be rehabilitation |
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[image]Care of the disabled
Building of new hospitals for the mentally ill, deaf, and blind |
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Religious Motivation for Immigration and Influence on Social Movements
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Second Great Awakening
• Brought more denominations that intensified the lines between classes and regions
• Spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements; prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery |
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Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture
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– An American literary political and philosophical movement in the early 19th Century
– These men were critics of their contemporary society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual find their independent relation to the universe
– Particularly utilizing solitude in nature
Ralph Waldo
Emerson , author |
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Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture
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[image]Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
Edgar Allan Poe |
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Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture
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[image]Drew American wildlife |
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Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture
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Hudson River School Artists
[image]Their paintings depict the American landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19th Century:
• Discovery
• Exploration
• Settlement
Albert Bierstadt; The Oregon Trail |
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Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture
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MUSIC
Slave spirituals and gospel music
“Battle Hymn of the Republic”
[image]Still a well-loved patriotic anthem |
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Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society
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Literature
[image]American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel." |
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• Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent |
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Major Elements of Manifest Destiny
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[image]Westward Expansion
• War with Mexico
• Annexation of Texas
• Gold Rush |
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[image]Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres
• 60,000 people
• An existing form of self-government |
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Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny
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Definition
• Economic:
– New land for farmers
– New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)
– New opportunities to start a business
• Political
– Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories
– Expansion of slavery
• Social
– Removal of Native Americans
– Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons) |
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Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward Growth of the Nation
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The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea |
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Causes of the
United States-Mexican War
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• Annexation of Texas
• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans
• Causes:
– President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)
– Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)
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Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War
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• Effects and Impact
– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war
• Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California
– United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845
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Areas Acquired to Create the United States
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• Louisiana Purchase
• Mexican Cession
– New Mexico, Arizona, California
• Gadsden Purchase
• Oregon Territory
• Alaska Purchase
– Seward’s Folly
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Term
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• loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole
• Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States
• States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska
• Cities: Washington, D.C.
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Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US
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• Gold in California
– Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood
• California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean
– Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations
• Rocky Mountains
– Location between eastern and western parts of the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West
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Missouri Compromise, 1820
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Nullification Crisis, 1828
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Definition
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• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs
• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed
− Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun
− South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders
− Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties
− To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833
− The Government lowers the tariff and backs down
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Nullification Crisis, 1828
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• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs
• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed
− Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun
− South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders
− Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties
− To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833
− The Government lowers the tariff and backs down
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• Sponsored by Henry Clay
• Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)
• The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)
• Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC
• Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)
• INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law
− Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)
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Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854
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• Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty
− That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave
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[image]Favored states’ rights
• Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
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[image]Admitted Missouri as a slave state
• Admitted Maine as a free state
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[image]Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War
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Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War
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Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America |
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[image]His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia
• He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865
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16th President of the United States |
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[image]Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded |
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• Born in Chile, South America
• Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy
• Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War
− Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865
− As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore
− Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle
− He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet
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Term
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Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns
In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.
Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.
Farming was the main livelihood of all three section |
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Major Events of the Civil War
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• Firing on Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter, South Carolina
• A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor
• Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War
• April 12, 1861
• P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate
• Major Robert Anderson, Union
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• The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863
• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war
• Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam
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• 1863
• July 1 – 3, 1863
• 92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA
• The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)
• The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union
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• The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.
• 75-day siege
• Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant
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Emancipation Proclamation
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• Changes the nature of the war
• No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union
• Now became a war to free the slaves
• The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories
• Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam
• Went into law January 1, 1863
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[image]Actor
− Southern sympathizer
− Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won
• Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC
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Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House
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[image]Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army
• Lee surrendered to Grant
• Brings the Civil War to a close
• April 9, 1865
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