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Social Studies
8th Grade
04/17/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Definition

         Sponsored by Henry Clay

         Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

         Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

Term

Nullification Crisis, 1828

Definition

          Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

          In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

        Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

        South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

        Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

        To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

        The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Term

Nullification Crisis, 1828

Definition

         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Term

Compromise of 1850

Definition

         Sponsored by Henry Clay

         Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)

         The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

         Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC

         Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)

         INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

       Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

 

Term

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

Definition

        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

Term

John C. Calhoun

Definition

[image]Favored states’ rights

Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Term

Henry Clay

Definition

[image]Admitted Missouri as a slave state

      Admitted Maine as a free state

Term

Daniel Webster

Definition

[image]Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Term

Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War

Definition

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Term

Ulysses S. Grant

Definition

[image]He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

         Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

Term

Robert E. Lee

Definition

[image]His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia

         He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

 

Term

Abraham Lincoln

Definition

16th President of the United States

Term

William Carney

Definition

[image]Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

Term

 

 

 

 

 

 

Philip Bazar

 

Definition

 

         Born in Chile, South America

         Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy

         Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

      Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865

      As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore

      Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle

      He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Sectionalism

Definition

 

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

Term
Major Events of the Civil War
Definition

 

         Firing on Fort Sumter

         Fort Sumter, South Carolina

         A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor

         Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War

         April 12, 1861

         P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate

         Major Robert Anderson, Union

Term
Battle of Antietam, 1862
Definition

 

         The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

         The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

         Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862

         Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

Term
Battle of Gettysburg
Definition

 

         1863

         July 1 – 3, 1863

         92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA

         The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

Term

Siege of Vicksburg

Definition

         The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

         75-day siege

         Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

Term

Emancipation Proclamation

Definition

         Changes the nature of the war

         No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union

         Now became a war to free the slaves

         The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories

         Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam

         Went into law January 1, 1863

Term

Assassination of Lincoln

Definition

[image]Actor

     Southern sympathizer

     Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won

Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Term

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Definition

[image]Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army

        Lee surrendered to Grant

        Brings the Civil War to a close

        April 9, 1865

Term

1803 – 1850

Definition

      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

Term

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

Definition

[image]Westward Expansion

      War with Mexico

      Annexation of Texas

      Gold Rush

Term

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Definition

[image]Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

      60,000 people

An existing form of self-government

Term

Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny

Definition

  Economic:

   New land for farmers

   New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

   New opportunities to start a business

    Political

   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

   Expansion of slavery

    Social

   Removal of Native Americans

  Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

Term

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward Growth of the Nation

Definition

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

Term

 

Causes of the
United States-Mexican War       

Definition

 

      Annexation of Texas

      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

      Causes:

     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Term


Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War
      

Definition

      Effects and Impact

     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

Term

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

Definition

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Term

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

Definition

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

Bill of Rights

Term

Significance of 1787

Definition

Writing of the United States Constitution

Term

Articles of Confederation : Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Definition

*Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Term

ssues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation

Definition

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Term

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Definition

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

Term
Arguments for and Against Ratification of the Constitution
Definition

 

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

Term

Magna Carta

Definition

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

Term

English Bill of Rights

Definition

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

Term

Mayflower Compact

Definition

·       1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

·       The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

 

Term

Federalist Papers

Definition

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Term
Anti – Federalist Papers
Definition

 

A series of essays written against the United States Constitution.

·        Feared a strong central government

·        Felt the Constitution lacked protection for individual rights

·        Written by: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

Term
Strengths of the Articles of
Definition

 

 

1.     States’ rights (a result of a strong fear of a tyrannical leader)

2.    Confederation of states with equal voice in Congress

3.Congress had power to make war and peace, sign treaties, raise an army and navy, print money, and set up a postal system

Term
Weaknesses of the Articles of
Definition

 


1.      No national taxes – no way to raise national money to pay an army, navy, or other national interests; had to ask the states for money which was often ignored

2.      No federal court system – no way to settle disputes between the states

3.      Lack of a strong federal government – reduced ability to settle disputes over state boundaries

4.      No power to regulate commerce – arguments about taxes on goods that crossed state borders

5.      No federal leader – no Executive to lead the country

6.     Limited military = no protection

Term

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

Definition

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Term

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

Definition

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

·         Bill of Rights

Term

Significance of 1787

Definition

Writing of the United States Constitution

Term
Articles of Confederation : Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution
Definition

 

Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Term
Issues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation
Definition

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Term

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Definition

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

Term

Arguments for and Against Ratification of the Constitution

Definition

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

Term

Magna Carta

Definition

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

Term

English Bill of Rights

Definition

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

Term

Mayflower Compact

Definition

·       1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

Term

Federalist Papers

Definition

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Term

Anti – Federalist Papers

Definition


·        Feared a strong central government

·        Felt the Constitution lacked protection for individual rights

Written by: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

Term

Strengths of the Articles of

Definition

1.     States’ rights (a result of a strong fear of a tyrannical leader)

2.    Confederation of states with equal voice in Congress

3.Congress had power to make war and peace, sign treaties, raise an army and navy, print money, and set up a postal system

Term
Weaknesses of the Articles of
Definition

 

1.      No national taxes – no way to raise national money to pay an army, navy, or other national interests; had to ask the states for money which was often ignored

2.      No federal court system – no way to settle disputes between the states

3.      Lack of a strong federal government – reduced ability to settle disputes over state boundaries

4.      No power to regulate commerce – arguments about taxes on goods that crossed state borders

5.      No federal leader – no Executive to lead the country

6.     Limited military = no protection

Term

Shay’s Rebellion

Definition

Confederation

An armed rebellion of farmers in Massachuestts led by Daniel Shays.

Showed that the government could not keep order and a stronger form of national government was needed.

 

Term

Colonial Grievances Addressed in the U.S. Constitution

Definition

Grievance in Declaration of Independence

Addressed in the U.S. Constitution

Taxation without representation

All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes

King has absolute power

Congress has the power to override Presidential veto

Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King

1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech

Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops

3rd Amendment – No quartering of troops

Allowed homes to be searched without warrants

4th Amendment – No unwarranted search and seizure

No trial by jury of peers

6th Amendment – right to a speedy public trial

 

7th Amendment – trial by jury

Term

Federalists

Definition

Supporters of the United States Constitution.

Argued for a stronger national government.

Under the Articles of Confederation the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

Term

Alexander Hamilton

Definition

Used the “necessary and proper” clause to justify forming a National Bank that was necessary and proper for the United States economy to develop.

Served as a delegate from New York at the Constitutional Convention.

Leading member of the Federalists.

Term

James Madison

Definition

Known as “the Father of the Constitution”

Helped write the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Authored the first 10 Amendments (the Bill of Rights) to compromise the Anti-Federalists

Term

Anti-Federalists

Definition

Against the Constitution

Argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues

Kept the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government

Believed that the Constitution should protect individual rights

Term

Patrick Henry

Definition


Was so opposed to the idea of a stronger national government that he refused to attend the Philadelphia Convention because he “smelled a rat”

From Virginia

Had been an influential leader against England with his “Give me liberty, or give me death!” speech.

Term

George Mason

Definition

Leader of the Anti-Federalists. Believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of individual rights.

Served as a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention.

Made over 130 speeches against the Constitution.

Term

Rights Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

Definition

1st – Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition to the Government

2nd – Bear Arms

3rd – No quartering troops during times of peace

4th – search and seizure

5th – due process of law; not to be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy); right not to testify against yourself

6th – right to a speedy and public trial

7th – right to a trial by jury in civil trials

8th – right not to have excessive bail and/or punishment

9th – rights of the people

10th – rights left to the states to decide

Term

Importance of Free Speech

Definition

Freedom of speech and press allow for the protection of individual rights; freedom to express information, ideas, and opinions free of government restrictions based on content

Term

Republicanism

Definition

Representatives are elected by the people to serve the people

Term

Development of Religious Freedom in the United States

Definition

*1620-1691 -Plymouth Colony – self-governing, with each congregation independent and electing its own pastor and officers

*17th century-Mass. Bay Colony – democratic in that they elected ministers and other officials; church closely tied to state government

*1631-Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; 1636 church and state separated

*1681-1776 – Penn’s Frames of Government guaranteed religious freedom to all settlers in Pennsylvania

*1689 – Toleration Acts; Maryland is founded for Catholics

*1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion from government interference

Term

Impact of the First Amendment Guaranteeing Freedom of Religious Freedom on the American Way of Life

Definition

·      Americans have the right to worship however they choose

·      The government does not have the right to interfere with religious beliefs

·      Sets up for official separation of church and state

Term

Exampleof American Art during the Constitutional Time Period

Definition
Term

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

Definition

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.


Term

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

Definition

Limited Government

 

 

 

 


The Constitution creates a limited government in which everyone, including all authority figures must obey the laws.

Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so that they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed, or inherited positions


Term

Checks and Balances

Definition

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

Term

Federalism

Definition

Sharing of power between the federal government and the state governments.

Term

Separation of Powers

Definition
[image]
Term

Popular Sovereignty

Definition

All political power rests with the people.

The people can create, alter, and abolish government.

People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.

Term

Process of Changing the U.S. Constitution

Definition

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of Congress or state conventions and a ¾ vote of the states to be approved.

Term

Examples of Unalienable Rights

Definition

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Term

Founding Fathers

Definition

Name given to the individuals who played a major role in declaring independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the Constitution of the United States

Thomas Jefferson : George Washington

Alexander Hamilton : John Adams

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

Term

Civic Virtue

Definition

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

Term

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

Definition

[image]Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation

Term

1776

Definition

*Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson

*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

 *“Common Sense”

Written by: Thomas Paine

Term

Causes of the American Revolution

Definition

·       Proclamation of 1763

·       Stamp Act

·       Intolerable Acts

·       Mercantilism

·       Lack of representation in Congress

·       British economic policies following the French and Indian War

Term

Proclamation of 1763

Definition

*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

Term

Stamp Act, 1765

Definition

[image]Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

·        British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

·        colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

·        Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

 


Term
Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774
Definition

 

British reaction to the Boston Tea Party

<!--[if !vml]-->[image]<!--[endif]-->Restructured Massachusetts government by taking away local control

<!--[if !supportLists]-->·        <!--[endif]-->Troops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial

<!--[if !supportLists]-->·        <!--[endif]-->Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods

<!--[if !supportLists]-->·        <!--[endif]-->First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774

Term
How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government
Definition

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.

Article II of the Constitution

Term
How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government
Definition

Limited Government

 

 

 

 


The Constitution creates a limited government in which everyone, including all authority figures must obey the laws.

Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so that they cannot take advantage of their elected, appointed, or inherited positions

 

Term
 

 

 

Checks and Balances 

 


 

 

Definition

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

Term
Federalism
Definition
Sharing of power between the federal government and the state governments.
Term
Sharing of power between the federal government and the state governments.
Definition
Term

 

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of Congress or state conventions and a ¾ vote of the states to be approved.

Definition

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of

Term

Examples of Unalienable Rights

Definition

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Term
Founding Fathers
Definition

Process of Changing the U.S. Constitution

Name given to the individuals who played a major role in declaring independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the Constitution of the United States

Thomas Jefferson : George Washington

Alexander Hamilton : John Adams

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

 

Term
Civic Virtue
Definition

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

Term
American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783
Definition

·         Taxation without Representation

·         Boston Massacre

·         Boston Tea Party

·         Unalienable Rights

·         Battles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown

·         Declaration of Independence

·        Articles of Confederation

 

Term
1776
Definition

*Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson

*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

 *“Common Sense”

Written by: Thomas Paine

Term
Causes of the American Revolution
Definition

·       Proclamation of 1763

·       Stamp Act

·       Intolerable Acts

·       Mercantilism

·       Lack of representation in Congress

·       British economic policies following the French and Indian War

Term
Proclamation of 1763
Definition
*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley
Term
Stamp Act, 1765
Definition

·        Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

·        British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

·        colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

·        Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

Term
Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774
Definition

British reaction to the Boston Tea Party

·        Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid for

·        Restructured Massachusetts government by taking away local control

·        Troops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial

·        Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods

·        First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774

Term
Mercantilism
Definition

·        A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.

·        It includes a favorable balance of trade.

·        The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.)

·        The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.

Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

Term
Taxation without Representation
Definition

 

·        Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.

·        Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).

·        The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).

·        Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.”

Term
Abigail Adams
Definition

·        Wife of John Adams

·        Served as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.

·        Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.

Advocate for women’s rights.

Term
John Adams
Definition

·        Lawyer and politician

·        Defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre

·        A member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)

·        Strong supporter of independence

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Term
Wentworth Cheswell
Definition

·        African American Patriot

·        Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community tof the impending British invasion

·        Served in the Continental Army

Fought at the Battle of Saratoga

Term
Sam Adams
Definition
 

·        American Patriot

·        Played a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution

·        Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre

·        Member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)

·        Cousin to John Adams

Term
Mercy Otis Warren
Definition

·       Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot

Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

Term
James Armistead
Definition

Slave in Virginia

*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.

*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.

*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette

*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.

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