•      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent.

•      Westward Expansion

•      War with Mexico

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Gold Rush

North West Ordinance 1787

•      Created an organized system for settlement of government lands in the Northwest Territory

•      Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

•      60,000 people

•      An existing form of self-government.

•  Economic:

–   New land for farmers

Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny

•  Economic:

–   New land for farmers

–   New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

–   New opportunities to start a business

•    Political

–   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

–   Expansion of slavery

•    Social

–   Removal of Native Americans

–  Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward Growth of the Nation

Causes of the
United States-Mexican War

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

•      Causes:

–     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War

•      Effects and Impact

–     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

•      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

–     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

Areas Acquired to Create the United States

•      Louisiana Purchase

•      Mexican Cession

–     New Mexico, Arizona, California

•      Gadsden Purchase

•      Oregon Territory

•      Alaska Purchase

Seward’s Folly

•      loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

•      Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

•      States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska

Cities: Washington, D.C.

Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US

•      Gold in California

–     Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

•      California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean

–     Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

•      Rocky Mountains

Location between eastern and western parts of the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

Missouri Compromise, 1820

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

•         Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

•          Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•          In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−        Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−        South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−        Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−        To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−        The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

•         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state (pleased the North)

•         The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery, depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

•         Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC

•         Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased both sides)

•         INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

−       Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

•      Senator from Kentucky

•       known as “The Great Compromiser” for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation

•      Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820

•      Admitted Missouri as a slave state

•      Admitted Maine as a free state

•        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

−     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

•        Senator from Massachusetts

•        Known as “The Great Orator”

•        Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

•        Senator from Massachusetts

•        Known as “The Great Orator”

•        Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

•         Commander of the Union Army

•         September 1861; he was promoted as a general

•         After a series of victories, including the capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of the Union Army

•         He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

•         Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

•         When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces but Lee refused

•         Resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces

•         In 1862, Lee was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia

•         His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia

•         He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

•         Congressional Medal of Honor recipient

16^th President of the United States

•         Born in Chile, South America

•         Served with the 54^th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War

•         He was the first black soldier to receive the award

−      Reason for citation: when the 54^th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

•         Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy

•         Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

−      Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865

−      As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore

−      Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle

−      He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

•         Firing on Fort Sumter

•         Fort Sumter, South Carolina

•         A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor

•         Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War

•         April 12, 1861

•         P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate

•         Major Robert Anderson, Union

•         The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

•         The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

•         Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862

•         Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

•         1863

•         July 1 – 3, 1863

•         92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA

•         The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

•         The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

•         75-day siege

•         Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

•         Changes the nature of the war

•         No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union

•         Now became a war to free the slaves

•         The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories

•         Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam

•         Went into law January 1, 1863

•        April 14, 1865

•        Shot by John Wilkes Booth

−     Actor

−     Southern sympathizer

−     Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won

Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

•        Robert E. Lee – Leader of the Confederate Army

•        Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army

•        Lee surrendered to Grant

•        Brings the Civil War to a close

•        April 9, 1865

·       Protective Tariffs

·       Increasing divide between north and south

·       Manufacturing Society v. Plantation Society

·       Kansas – Nebraska Act

Missouri Comprise

·       Secession

·       Slavery and states’ right

·       Abraham Lincoln

·       Confederate States of America

Union

·     1861: Fort Sumter, South Carolina

·     1862: Antietam

·     1863: Gettysburg

1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

·       North- high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against cheap imports; had most of the nation’s manufacturing

·       Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs because it caused Americans to buy American-made products by increasing the cost of European imported manufactured goods

West – the West backed government spending on internal governments such as new roads and canals, and they were financed bytariffs

South – the South, which had little industry and imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated north. Sold most of their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.

Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs because the South’s main trade partners were European nations. High tariffs on raw materials forced the south to sell their materials for low prices, while higher price for the products they purchased from their European trade partners.

South – the South, which had little industry and imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated north. Sold most of their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.

Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs because the South’s main trade partners were European nations. High tariffs on raw materials forced the south to sell their materials for low prices, while higher price for the products they purchased from their European trade partners.

Sectionalism and  Civil War

-         Political

Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state. This Missouri Compromise also stated that all new states entering the Union with a latitude north of the 36.30’ line would be free states.

Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free state; slave trade abolished in Washington, DC; stronger fugitive slave laws would be passed to help slave holders recapture runaway slaves.

Southern plantation system – relied on slavery; slaves had no property and no rights

Northern industrial economy- slave trade abolished in north; large population

-         Social

Religion drew slaves together among plantatioins; communicated through spirituals

Racism develops in both the North and South

Sectionalism and Civil War

·      West

·      Fight over whether or not to extend slavery into the territories

Maintain balances of the free and slave states in the Senate