Term
| What does an elevated reticulocytes mean? with low hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| increase number of fresh cells being put out so there's something happening where hemoglobin is low but something new is being made (RBC are going away faster than usual) |
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Term
| What does it mean when creatinine is above 1.0? |
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Definition
| This means it is elevated, so 2.0 is abnormally high, and in someone young that is a concern leading to indication of renal insufficiency. |
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Term
| Serum LDH (lactate deydrogenase) |
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Definition
| Hepatic marker, 5 types of LDH, LDH comes from the liver, heart, and RBC |
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Term
| On a peripheral blood smear we are seeing... |
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Definition
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Term
| RBC that aren't concave (on a blood smear) are... |
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Definition
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Term
| Serum alanine aminotransferase elevated means? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an immature neutrophil? |
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Definition
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Term
| When Halo around platelet? |
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Definition
| Means that something is on top of the RBC squishing it. Not inside of it. |
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Term
| When Halo around platelet? |
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Definition
| Means that something is on top of the RBC squishing it. Not inside of it. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
T/F
Following inoculation by Anopheles mosquitoes/ plasmodial sporozoites enter the blood stream and directly invade erythrocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| At the pnt of blood infection with malaria and they are seeking out RBC, are there symptoms? |
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Definition
| Yes, first clue that you might have malaria |
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Term
| Once marrowcyte gets into RBC... |
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Definition
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Term
| Knobs are sticky and used for |
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Definition
| attachment of infected RBC with malaria to endothelial cell surfaces |
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Term
| What types of immunity do we develop against Malaria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would P. falciparum want to adhere to endothelial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is vivax diff than falciparum? |
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Definition
| Vivax stays dormant in the liver. Subset of infected liver cells are called: hypnozoites. Ovale also makes hypnozoites. |
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Term
| IMP to know about and care about hypnozoites |
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Definition
| That is a place where we can have relapse. Falciparum cannot have relapse. |
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Term
| Malaria has figured out how to be carried to fresh blood, how?? |
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Definition
| They divide into gametocytes, male and female, and if everything works out they get sucked up again into another mosquito and that mosquito can go off and infect someone else. |
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Term
| IMP in diagnostic, if seen, know you're dealing with p. falciparum |
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Definition
| See heme, the parasite wants the globin, but the heme is toxic, so it needs to be turned into something else, turns it into hemozoan (if see: falciparum) DARK. BLACK. |
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Term
| Should you see schizont in the peripheral blood smear? |
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Definition
| No. They should be in the urine. That is where the cytoadherence comes in, not supposed to be circulating around, Bad sign means they're overwhelmed. |
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Term
| What part of the tick are we concerned about with Babesiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you be infected and not ill with malaria on basis of immune response? |
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Definition
| Premunition (can develop Ab and what not to keep things in check) |
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Term
| Can you exclude malaria after doing smears and conclude negative? |
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Definition
| NO, have they been on any antimalarial meds? prophylaxis? timing? are they otherwise ill? |
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Term
| Rapid pnt of care test for P. falicparum, what is it? |
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Definition
| Tests for the histamine rich protein (pfhrt2) only for P. Falicparum |
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Term
| How to diff smear between p. falciparum and b. microti |
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Definition
| b. microti makes a maltese cross and p. falicparum does not. AlSO babesia has no hemeozoan. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What clears abnormal cells from blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| If someone doesn't have a functional spleen/no spleen you will see |
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Definition
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Term
| If don't have a spleen... |
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Definition
| encapsulated orgs and babesiosis can kill you |
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Term
| What ingests the hemeozoan from the skizonts? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, but not in the WBC (BAD falciparum) |
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Term
| If look at brain biopsy of cerebral malaria after patient passes, will see: |
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Definition
| a lot of trophes, skizonts, cerebral vessels clogged with skizonts. |
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Term
| How do you prevent malaria? |
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Definition
Drugs: Nothing that works on the spores..yet
Can still get infected with prophylactic meds.
1. don't go to areas
2. personal protection measures (something in clothing to stop mosquitoes, nets, de-containing products--skin protector during dusk to dawn)
That is when anopheles is feeding
3. Gin helps the bark go down...drinking british, covers bitterness of quinine. The beginning of G & T
quinine water + gin (add lime = no scurvy) |
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Term
| How long should you prophylax somebody for malaria? |
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Definition
| Take while there and then stop it 4 wks after leave b.c you're targeting a specific pnt of the cycle (the blood phase) so if there will be liver phase that extends beyond week... want to make sure the org has exhausted? |
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Term
| What do you presume when on prophylaxis with malaria |
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Definition
| That you're infected with p. falciparum |
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Term
| Can we shorten the 4 wk period of prophylaxis? |
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Definition
| Yes, stop 1 wk after come back with causal prophylactics. (look up examples) |
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Term
| What prophylaxis for p. vivax? |
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Definition
| Treat with terminal prophylaxis with primoquine. And have to confirm no G6PD deficiency b.c that will cause hemolytic anemia. |
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Term
| What is considered severe babesiosis? |
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Definition
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