Term
| 4 periods of fetal pulmonary development |
|
Definition
embryonic
pseudoglandular
canalicular
terminal sac |
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: embryonic period duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: embryonic period structures (3) |
|
Definition
larynx
trachea lung buds
bronchia buds |
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: pseudoglandular period duraiton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: pseudoglandular period structures (2) |
|
Definition
secondary bronchi
broncho-pulmonary segments |
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: canalicular period duration |
|
Definition
16-25 weeks
terminal and respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: terminal sac period duration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: terminal sac period structures (2) |
|
Definition
pulmonary alveoli
Type II alveolar cells to produce surfactant |
|
|
Term
| fetal pulmonary develpment: which period is the most important? why? |
|
Definition
terminal sac period
period in which Type II alveolar cells which produce surfactant appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keeps surface tension on the alveoli keeping them open, otherwise every expiration the alveoli would close |
|
|
Term
| action of birth activity for pulmonary develpment |
|
Definition
| pushing fluid out of lungs, expanding alveoli in the first few breaths |
|
|
Term
| improtance of a child crying at birth |
|
Definition
| allows for the action of pushing the fluid out to occur |
|
|
Term
| early childhood time frame |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structures in early childhood (2) |
|
Definition
increase in # of alveoli
increase in vital capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diaphragm
SCM
scalenes
upper trap
pec mj
pec mn |
|
|
Term
| primary mm of inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraction of the diaphragm does what to the visceral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contractino of the diaphragm does what to the lower ribs |
|
Definition
| elevates and outwardly expands (bucket-handle action) |
|
|
Term
| which side of the diaphragm will move more |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why will the right side of teh diaphragm move more |
|
Definition
| d/t more resistance from abdominal cavity on the right |
|
|
Term
| normal diaphragm excursion at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal diaphragm excursion with full inspiration |
|
Definition
| can increase it to 8-10 cm |
|
|
Term
| diaphragm in supine will rest how |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when in sidelying, which portion will drop to a lower level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when in sidelying, which side of the diaphragm has the greatest excursion |
|
Definition
| the lower/dependent portion |
|
|
Term
| which side of teh diaphragm will get greater ventilation when in sidelying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 accessory mm of respiration |
|
Definition
SCM
scalnes
upper trap
pec mj
pec mn |
|
|
Term
| accessory mm assist in what (3) |
|
Definition
inspiraiton
expiration
role in maintaining posture |
|
|
Term
| relationship between the accessory mm and the ribs |
|
Definition
| accessory mm elevate the upper thorax creating the pump handle mvmt pattern for the upper ribs |
|
|
Term
| mvmt of the thoracic cage when the accessory mm contract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| continuous membranous sacs which cover the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the visceral pleura |
|
Definition
| surface in contact with the lung |
|
|
Term
| what is the parietal plerua |
|
Definition
| ourter portion of pleural sac |
|
|
Term
| what is the pleural space |
|
Definition
| space between visceral pleura and parietal plerua |
|
|
Term
| what happens with pleurisy |
|
Definition
| pathological inflammatory condition of the pleura in which the pleura becomes inflamed and fills with fluid exudate |
|
|
Term
| Lung contusions and pleurisy both result in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of teh right upper lobe (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parts of the left upper lobe (5) |
|
Definition
| Apico-posterior Anterior Posterior Superior Lingula Inferior Lingula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical position of the right apical segment/left apicoposterior segment anteriorly and posterirly |
|
Definition
ant superior to clavicle
post superior to spine of scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical position of the right and left anterior segmetns of upper anteriorly and posteriorly |
|
Definition
ant clavicle to 3rd intercostal space or 4th rib
posteriory - trick question |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks of the right and left posterior segmetns of the upper lobe |
|
Definition
| spine of scapula to the inferomedial aspect of spine of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmark for the superior border of the lingula |
|
Definition
| 3rd intercostal space/4th rib |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmark for inferior border of the lingula |
|
Definition
| oblique fissure (6th rib anterior, extending to 4th rib at posterior) |
|
|
Term
| where are the superior and inferior lingular segments divided in terms of anatomical landmarks |
|
Definition
| horizonal line at level of 5th rib |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: superior border of the right middle lobe |
|
Definition
| 3rd intercostal space/4th rib |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: inferior border of the right middle lobe |
|
Definition
| oblique fissure (6th rib ant extending to 4th rib at post) |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: where are the medial and lateral segments of the right middle lobe divided |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 parts of the lower lobes |
|
Definition
anterior basilar
Lateral basilar
superior basilar
posterior basilar |
|
|
Term
| which parts of the lower lobe can only be seen posteriorly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which parts of the lower lobe have the majority of their structure on the the posterior (3) |
|
Definition
superior basilar
posterior basilar
lateral basilar |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: superior border of the anterior basilar segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: lateral border of the anterior basilar segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: superior border of teh lateral basilar segments |
|
Definition
| horizontal line 1" above inferior angle of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: medial border of the lateral basilar segment |
|
Definition
| plumb line bisecting inferior angle of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: lateral border of lateral basilar segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: inferior border of lateral basilar segment |
|
Definition
| 10th intercostal space posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: superior border of superior basilar segments |
|
Definition
| inferomedial aspect of spine of scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: inferior border of superior basilar segment |
|
Definition
| inferior angle of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: superior border of teh posterior basilar segment |
|
Definition
| inferior angle of the scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: lateral border of teh posterior basilar segment |
|
Definition
| plumb line bisecting inferior angle of scapula |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: inferior border of posterior basilar segment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diastolic pulmonary pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what helps drain excess interstiital fluid from the pulmonary circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the carina located |
|
Definition
| bifurcation of the trachea |
|
|
Term
| where is the carina located |
|
Definition
| bifurcation of the trachea |
|
|
Term
| the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, and trachea all make up what for the respiratory tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the conducting zone |
|
Definition
| filter, warm, moisten, and conduct the air into the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| 3 branchings of the lower respiratory tract |
|
Definition
conducting
transitional
respiratory |
|
|
Term
| gas exchange and the conducting zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gas exchange and the transitional zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gas exchange and the respiratory zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terminal respiratory unites end in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alveoli count in normal adult lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alveolar epithelium contains type I and type II cells, which cell accounts for 93% surface and 8% of the # of cells and are thin and broad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alveolar epithelium contains type I and type II cells, which produces surfactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| structures to note within the alveoli (3) |
|
Definition
wandering macrophages
Kahn's pores
Lambert canals |
|
|
Term
| purpose of Lambert Canals |
|
Definition
| collateral aveolar ventilation |
|
|
Term
| 2 major hygiene mechanisms in the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanical pulmonary hygiene involves what (2) |
|
Definition
coughing
mucocilliary esclator |
|
|
Term
| metabolic pulmonary hygiene involves what |
|
Definition
| lysis by wandering macrophages in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| How does smoking impair lungs? depressed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smoking impair lungs? impaired (2) |
|
Definition
resistance to infection
mucociliary action |
|
|
Term
| How does smoking impair lungs? disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does smoking impair lungs? increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanics of ventilation: diaphragm and accessory mm contract resulting in what |
|
Definition
| thoracic cavity pressure decreases below atmospheric |
|
|
Term
| Mechanics of ventilation: thoracic cavity pressure decreases belows atmospheric resulting in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanics of ventilation: diaphragm and accessory muscles relax resulting in what |
|
Definition
| thoracic pressure returns to normal |
|
|
Term
| Mechanics of ventilation: thoracic pressure returns to normal resulting in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| paradoxical breathing may be present in what pt population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens during parodixcal breathing for inspiration |
|
Definition
| chest wall moves inward and the abdomen moves outward |
|
|
Term
| what happens during paradoxical breathing for expiration |
|
Definition
| chest wall moves outward and the abdomen moves inward |
|
|
Term
| muscles to note for paradoxical breathing |
|
Definition
| intercostals and abdominals are paralyzed/weak so they cannot resist inward pull |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory neural center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the medulla was the only thing controlling respiration, what would happen |
|
Definition
rate would be slow and irregular
Low TV |
|
|
Term
| What helps the medulla mediate respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the pons helps the medulla in respiration |
|
Definition
| mediates rate of breathing so that it is even and rythmical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removal of CO2 from the body |
|
|
Term
| cbemoreceptors for chemical mediation of respiration |
|
Definition
| carotid and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the first step of chemical mediation of respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chemical mediation of respiration through the blood brain barrier |
|
Definition
| H+ indirectly signals CO2 levels |
|
|
Term
| what are the chemoreceptors for chemical mediation of respiration sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulates of the chemoreceptors for respiration results in what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neural input for activity in regards to activity |
|
Definition
| spinal cord sending info to the medulla |
|
|
Term
| what info does the SC recieve during activity to increase RR |
|
Definition
| skeletal mm receptors: stress, tension, metabolic changes |
|
|
Term
| Juxtacapillary or J receptors are stimulated by what |
|
Definition
| hyperinflation of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| J receptors are stimulated by hyperinflation of the lungs and respond by causing what |
|
Definition
| shortened inspiration or periods of apnea |
|
|
Term
| J receptors play a role in protecting the lungs during times of threat such as what (3) |
|
Definition
chemicals
thermal agents
environmental stressors |
|
|
Term
| action of the J receptors to protect the lungs during times of threat from chemicals, thermal agents, or other environmental stressors |
|
Definition
reduce TV
constrict the bronchial airways to cause increased mucous production and coughing |
|
|
Term
| what is ventilation/perfusion influenced by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as air descends the lung, what increases faster ventilation or perfusion |
|
Definition
| perfusion (about 3x faster) |
|
|
Term
| V/Q in sidelying: regional difference in perfusion are influenced greatest by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elasticity is the ability of tissue to do what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compliance is a measure of what |
|
Definition
| distensibility of the tissue, ability to expand |
|
|
Term
| what is the inverse of elasticity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when something restricts motions (muscular, bony, or tissue) is it a problem with elasticity or compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tendency of molecules to mvoe from high concentration to low concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is responsible for the gas exchange between teh capillary membranes and the alveolar walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what percentage of O2 is dissolved into the blood plasma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 97% of O2 is carried by what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxygen being carried hemoglobin makes up what metric that is measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| percentage of oxygen in atmospheric air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps in the oxygen transport system (5) |
|
Definition
air quality and inspired O2
airway
lungs and chest wall
diffusion
perfusion |
|
|
Term
| steps in the O2 transport system: airway refers to what |
|
Definition
| throat, bronchi, alveoli and any potential blockages in these |
|
|
Term
| steps in the O2 transport system: lungs and chest walls refers to what (3) |
|
Definition
how compliant?
how elastic?
posture (kyphosis, scoliosis) |
|
|
Term
| steps in the O2 transport system: diffusion refers to what |
|
Definition
| needing the correct concentration gradient for diffusion to occur |
|
|
Term
| steps in the O2 transport system: perfusion refers to what |
|
Definition
| needing the blood supply to move O2/CO2 |
|
|
Term
| steps in the O2 transport system: after perfusion (4) |
|
Definition
myocardial function
peripheral circulation
tissue extraction and utilizaiotn of O2
return of partially de-saturated blood and CO2 to the lungs |
|
|
Term
| 3 variables to the Oxygen transport system |
|
Definition
O2 delivery (DO2)
O2 consumption (VO2)
Oxygen extraction ratio (OER) |
|
|
Term
| oxygen dissociation curve: dissocitiation referring to what |
|
Definition
| release of O2 from hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| What happens to O2 saturation in partial pulmonary pressures <50 mmHg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How log must partial pulmonary pressure be from O2 saturation to rapidly drop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxygen dissociation curve: rates of dissociation are increased with what (3) |
|
Definition
increased temperature (core body temp)
high concentrations of CO2 (CO2 attaches to hemoglobin more easily than O2)
low pH (acidosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
state of low PaO2
40-60 mmHg
low O2 in the bloodsteam |
|
|
Term
| hypoxemia can lead to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inadequate O2 at the cells |
|
|
Term
| what is hypoxia influenced by (4) |
|
Definition
level of O2
capillary circulation adequacy
hemoglobin levels
carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: elastic recoil |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: chest wall stiffness |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: alveolar capillary sruface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: forced expiratory flow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: total residual volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: forced vital capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: ventilation perfusion matching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: partial arterial pressure oxygen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: o2 sat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: pulmonary vascular resistance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: expiratory flow limitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: minute ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: work of breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: arterial hypoxemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: pulmonary artery pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging & exercise response: pulmonary wedge pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: thoracic cage and lung tissue compliance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: rib and jt changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: respiratory muscle O2 demand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary functions changes with aging: all changes lead to what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S with aging: increased (2) |
|
Definition
SOB
DOE (Dyspnea on exertion) |
|
|
Term
| S/S with aging: decreased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have symptoms of pain or discomfort at ribs or rib jts from arthritis
may show postural changes |
|
|
Term
| Tx of respiratory pathology d/t aging: (5) |
|
Definition
deep breathing, timing, and control ex, other compensatory breathing strategies
maintain thoracic mobility as able
maintain functional endurance
energy conservation techniques
supplemental O2 if needed |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: sternal notch |
|
Definition
| bifurcation of the main bronchi and location of carina |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: medial third of the clavicle |
|
Definition
| apex of the lung is 2-3 cm above this point |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: 6th rib mid clavicular line |
|
Definition
| anterior/inferior border of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: 8th rib mid axillary line |
|
Definition
| lateral/ifnerior border of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: T10 |
|
Definition
| posterior border of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior apex of lower lobes |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: medial border of the scapulae when the arms are fully ABducted |
|
Definition
| line of the oblique fissures |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: 4th rib on the right side |
|
Definition
| line of transverse fissure |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right anterior chest: just superior to clavicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right anterior chest: 2nd-3rd rib mid clavicular line |
|
Definition
| anterior segment of upper lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right anterior chest: 6th rib just anterior to mid axillary line |
|
Definition
| lateral segment of middle lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right anterior chest: 4th rib just lateral to sternum |
|
Definition
| medial segment of middle lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right anterior chest: 7th rib mid-clavicular line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: left anterior chest: 4th rib just anterior to mid axillary line |
|
Definition
| superior lingula of upper lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: left anterior chest: 6th rib just lateral to sternum |
|
Definition
| inferior lingula of upper lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right posterior thoracic cage: along paraspinal mm in between spine of scapula an dinferomedial angle |
|
Definition
| posterior segment of upper lobe |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right posterior thoracic cage: between inferomedial angle and inferior angle of scapula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right posterior thoracic cage: between inferior angle of scapula and 10th intercostal space |
|
Definition
| posterior basilar segment |
|
|
Term
| anatomical landmarks: right posterior thoracic cage: between inferior angle and mid-axillary line at the level of 10th intercostal space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peak expiratory volume normal healthy adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peak flow rate for normal healthy adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FVC for normal healthy adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FEV1 for normal healthy adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| what is inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| additional inspiration volume after tidal volume inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| what is expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| additional expiration volume after tidal volume expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air that cannot be expelled from the lungs |
|
|
Term
| residual volume is what % of TLC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is inspiratory capacity |
|
Definition
| amount of air that can be inspired after tidal volume expiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total lung capacity volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is total lung capacity |
|
Definition
| sum of VC+residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| air moved during breathing at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is minute ventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functinoal expiratory volume for 1 second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of air as a % of VC that can be expired in 1 sec |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal percentage of VC that FEV1 should be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is Vd (anatomical dead space) |
|
Definition
| air that must move through the conducting respiratory zone with each breath |
|
|
Term
| how much anatomical dead space is there (Vd) |
|
Definition
150 mL
or # of mL = weight in lbs |
|
|
