Term
| compensatory changes in chronic respiratory failure (2) |
|
Definition
| polycythemia, bicarbonate retention to offset respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of respiratory failure and their main causes |
|
Definition
| type I = hypoxemic caused by V/Q shunt; type II = hypoventilation caused by decreased VE or increased VD |
|
|
Term
| PaCO2 in type I vs type II respiratory failure |
|
Definition
| type I: normal; type II: increased |
|
|
Term
| tx for type I vs. type II respiratory failure |
|
Definition
| type I: PEEP; type II: NPPV or mechanical ventilator |
|
|
Term
| decreased DLCO->dx?; normal DLCO->dx? |
|
Definition
| decreased->emphysema; normal->chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of inspired O2, normally 21% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 mechanisms of abnormal gas exchange that cause hypoxemia and hypercapnia |
|
Definition
| V/Q mismatch, diffusion impairment, shunt, and alveolar hypoventilation |
|
|
Term
| increasing PAO2 will not improve PaO2 in which mechanism of abnormal gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 causes of left-to-right shunt |
|
Definition
| ARDS, atelectasis, pneumonia, heart disease |
|
|
Term
| how to calculate normal PaO2 for an individual |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| values for normal PaCO2; for normal pH |
|
Definition
| PaCO2 = 36-44mmHg; pH = 7.36-7.44 |
|
|
Term
| pt is hypoxemic but Aa gradient is normal; dx? |
|
Definition
| extrapulmonary disease or general hypoventilation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anatomic + alveolar dead space |
|
|
Term
| definition of alveolar dead space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| definition of anatomic dead space |
|
Definition
| air-conducting airways that do not do gas exchange |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of hypoventilation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decreased VE, normal Aa gradient; dx? etiology? |
|
Definition
| global hypoventilation; etiology: neuromuscular disorders, myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barre, CNS defects |
|
|
Term
| increased VD, increased Aa gradient; dx? etiology? |
|
Definition
| net alveolar hypoventilation; etiology: severe pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
| O2 and CO2 curves on content vs partial pressure graph |
|
Definition
| O2 is linear until 40mmHg and plateaus around 20%; CO2 is linear |
|
|
Term
| decreased VE, normal Aa gradient; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
