1) Upper Airway - nasal cavaties, sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, and larynx

2) Lower Airway - (conducting A/W) trachea, bronchi, and nonrespiratory bronchioles

3) Terminal alveoli - respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs

Acute or Chronic

Obstructive or Restrictive

Infectious or noninfectious

What is pneumonia?

 Pneumonia is the inflammation affecting the parenchyma or functional parts of the lungs

What is hypoxemia? 

What are the causes of hypoxemia?

What can hypoxemia lead to?

Hypoxemia is the deficient oxygenation of arterial blood

The causes of hypoxemia are:

- Ventilation & Perfusion (V/Q) mismatch

- Decreased O2 content

- Hypoventilation (shallow breathing/respiratory depression)

- alveolocapillary diffusion abnormality

- Pulmonary shunting (very short of breath)

Hypoxemia can lead to hypoxia which is diminished availability of O2 to body tissues.

1) Hypoxemia

2) Pulmonary edema

3) Pneumonia

4) Pneunocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP

5) TB

6) Acute Bronchitis

7) Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis (a type of COPD)

8) Emphysema (a type of COPD)

9) Asthma (a type of COPD)

10) Bronchiectasis

11) Bronchiolitis

12) Sleep Apnea

13) Restrictive Lung Disease

14) Pulmonary Fibrosis

15) Systemic Sclerosis Lung Disease

16) Chest Wall Disease (includes superficial wounds, pneumothorax, & Flail chest)

17) Pneumoconiosis

18) Hypersensitivity Pneumonitits

19) Cystic Fibrosis

20) Atelectasis

21) ARDS

22) Sarcoidosis

23) Lung Cancer

24) Pulmonary Embolism

25) Pulmonary Hypertension

26) Pleural Effusions

27) Pneumothorax

28) Cor Pulmonale

29) Pleurisy

1) Lobar Pneumonia (affects lungs at the level of the lobes)

2) Bronchopneumonia (affects lungs at the level of the bronchioles and alveoli)

Pneumonia can be cause by the following:

1) bacterial infection

2) Viral infection

3) Inhalation of something toxic to the lungs

4) Aspiration

1) pleuritic chest pain

2) productive cough w/ rust or green sputum

3) dyspnea

4) tachynea

5) fatigue

6) fever

7) generalized aches

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Dx thru the use of:

1) sputum cultures

2) gram stain

3) chest films

4) lung sounds

5) chest precussion

6) urine test (streptococcus pneumoniae)

How would you treat pneumonia?

Tx thru:

1) antibiotic therapy

2) chest PT

3) rest

4) fluids

It is a parasitic infection seen in patients with AIDS or with suppressed immune systems from organ transplantation, in chemotherapy pts., and in steroid therapy for malnutrition

The contraction of this disease is one of the first indicators of the conversion from HIV to AIDS in 60% of cases

Signs:

1) impaired gas exchange

2) fever

3) dyspnea

4) weight loss

5) tachypnea

Tx:

1) use universal pxns

2) breathing exercises

3) practice energy conservation

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious, inflammatory systemic disease that affects the lungs and may disseminate to involve lymph nodes and other organs

What does TB do to the lungs?

What are the signs of TB?

TB is affects the lungs by causing granulomas, caseous necrosis, and cavity formation

The external signs of TB usually appear after 1 year of infection and include:

1) productive cough

2) wt loss

3) fever

4) night sweats

5) fatigue

6) anorexia

7) pulmonary infections

8) lung atelectasis (collapse)

Dx thru:

1) skin test

2) chest x-ray

3) culture of sputum

4) bronchoscopy

Rx:

1) combination drugs: rifampin and isoniazid for example

2) prevent transmission

3) need to be taken for 6-9 months

Signs:

1) persistent coughing

2) increased amounts of sputum

4) fever

5) may have hemoptysis (coughing up blood)

6) wt loss

7) weakness

Rx:

1) chest PT (percussion and vibration)

2) bronchodilators (medications)

3) antibiotics

1) Chronic Obstructive Bronchitis

2) Emphysema

3) Asthma

Dx:

1) blood gas analysis

2) sputum culture

3) skin testing

4) x-ray

5) Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT's)

Rx:

1) bronchodilators (meds)

2) mucolytics

3) steroids

4) antibiotics

5) mast cell stabilizers

6) Oxygen

7) pulmonary hygiene

8) bullectomy (removal of alveoli that are completely blown out)

9) Chest PT

Signs:

1) cough with mucous

2) cyanosis

3) prolonged expiration

4) recurrent infection

5) shortness of breath

6) hypoxemia

7) retention of CO2

8) using accessory breathing muscles

9) hypertrophy of mucous producing cells

10) air trapping

1) centrilobular

2) panlobular

3) paraseptal

*all three produce destruction of the airways

*obstruction results from changes in lung tissue rather than mucous

Signs:

1) dyspnea

2) tachypnea with prolonged expiration

3) wasting appearance

4) leaning forward with arms braced on knees to assist breathing