Term
| A predominant diagnostic test to determine anatomic abnormalities and pathological processes within the chest. |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiograph is referred to as ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 principle objects that are seen in chest radiographs |
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Definition
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Term
| What color is air on a radiograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color is bone on a radiograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| A standard chest radiograph is taken in what two views? |
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Definition
Posteroanterior (PA)
Left Lateral |
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Term
| Besides PA and left lateral, what are 4 other views that may be done via chest radiograph? |
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Definition
Decubitus
Lordotic
Oblique
AP at bedside |
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Term
| With chest radiographs, positioning for AP views in supine or semirecumbent often results in poor ___ __ |
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Definition
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Term
| When examining a chest radiograph, what type of approach should be used? |
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Definition
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Term
| When looking at bones and soft tissues on a chest radiograph what all can you look at? |
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Definition
-Size, shape, and symmetry of bony thorax
-Determine if pt is rotated
-Summation effect |
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Term
| What is the summation effect? |
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Definition
| Soft tissues (skin, fat, muscle) tend to blend together |
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Term
| Two hemidiaphragms should appear how on a chest radiograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| The size of the mediastinum varies, the trachea is seen via shadow, and you can see the heart and great vessels on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is formed by the root of the lungs and includes the pulmonary blood vessels, bronchi, and group of lymph nodes |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge of __ and __ anatomy is crucial to assessment of lung fields |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the silhouette sign? |
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Definition
| Present when normal line of demarcation between two structures is partially or completely obliterated |
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Term
| How can you spot specific lung lesions on a chest radiograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can you spot acute vs. chronic changes on a chest radiograph? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of radiography is known as digital chest radiography and it involves a narrow beam of x-rays moving across fields of examination. |
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Definition
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Term
| This defines successive adjacent columns of tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| CT is primarily used for diagnosis of what? |
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Definition
| Tumors vs. calcifications or nodules |
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Term
| The gold standard for diagnosis of emboli? |
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Definition
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Term
| This test can read emboli as complete obstruction, intraluminal filling defects, or decrease in flow rate. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more popular? CT or Pulmonary Arteriography? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some disadvantages to pulmonary arteriography? |
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Definition
| Invasive, increased morbidity/mortality, associated with complications, time consuming, expensive |
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Term
| This test is more detailed and expensive than CT. It involves the interaction of stimulated hydrogen nuclei and strong magnetic field. |
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Definition
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Term
| This test is primarily indicated for evaluation of chest wall processes. May be indicated in individuals with an abnormal chest radiographs that shows a nodule or mass. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of gas is used to measure regional distribution of ventilation in the lungs |
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Definition
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Term
| This is where the pt inhales the gas and holds breath while ventilation scans are made over the lung field. |
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Definition
| Ventilation and Perfusion Scans |
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Term
| This is used to measure regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow in the lugns, patient is injected intravenously with radioactive iodine, then serial perfusion scans are made |
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Definition
| Ventilation/Perfusion Scans |
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Term
| V/Q scans are indicated to rule out what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This permits the study of normal and variant anatomy and gross pathological changes int he bronchial wall and lumen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Fiberoptic bronchoscopy has decreased the need for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| This test permits direct visualization of previously inaccessible areas of the bronchial tree. Indicated to assess for infection |
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Definition
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Term
| Samples can be taken to see infection or cancer if necessary. May be used to clear viscous secretions. Provides information about integrity of airways, function of respiratory musculature, condition of lung tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| This measurement tool tests lung volume and capacity by graphic tracing of breathing. |
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Definition
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Term
| An airtight chamber in which the patient sits in |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for total lung capacity? |
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Definition
| Vital Capacity + Residual Volume = TLC |
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Term
| This value is increased in patients with emphysema |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 8 Tests of Gas Flow Rates |
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Definition
1. Measure of airflow rates during forced breathing maneuvers
2. Provide info on actual function of lungs, degree of impairment, general location
3. FVC (forced vital capacity)
4. FEV1 (foced expiratory volume in 1 sec) - expressed in liters or as %
5. Forced midexpiratory flow (uncommon)
6. Forced expiratory flow, 200-1200
7. Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
8. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) |
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Term
| Name 5 tests of diffusion |
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Definition
1. Diffusing capacity of lung (DL) or diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO)
2. Amount of gas entering the pulmonary blood flow per unit of time
3. Relative to difference between partial pressures of gas in alveoli and pulmonary blood
4. Measure of integrity of function of the lung unit
5. Abnormal values attributed to 3 key factors (anemia, increased diffusion distance across alveolar capillary membrane, and decreased exchange area for oxygenation to happen) |
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Term
| Name 3 additional tests of gas exchange |
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Definition
Tidal volume
Minute Ventilation (inspiration/expiration)
CO2 Output |
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Term
| A method of graphically representing the events that occur during forced inspiration and expiration |
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Definition
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Term
| Results of basic pulmonary function tests are presented in columns of __, __, __ of predicted values. |
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Definition
Predicted
Observed
Percentage |
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Term
| Predicted values of basic pulmonary function tests are based on what 5 aspects? |
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Definition
Age
Gender
Height
Weight
Race |
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Term
| Pulmonary function tests can determine whether results are normal, obstructive, or restrictive. If obstructive, determine its __ |
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Definition
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Term
| What other 2 things should be considered along with pulmonary function tests? |
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Definition
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Term
| How might poor results not actually mean poor pulmonary function? |
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Definition
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Term
| These are crucial to the assessment of problems related to acid-base balance, ventilation, and oxygenation |
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Definition
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Term
| The typical blood gas analysis report contains what 6 things? |
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Definition
Arterial pH
Partial pressures of CO2
Partial pressure of O2
Oxygen saturation
Bicarbonate concentration
Base Excess |
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Term
| PaCO2 directly reflects adequacy of __ ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the values for hyperventilation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the values for Hypoventilation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the values for ventilatory failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| If your pt has a CO2 retainer, why can you not give them too much O2? |
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Definition
| Because they are used to a lot of CO2 driving their breathing. Too much O2 will make their breathing worse |
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Term
| Also used to determine the nature and severity of the illness with accuracy, the relationship of arterial pH and arterial CO2 tension is assessed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lungs and kidneys regulate 2 types of acids what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calculates the carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion relationship |
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Definition
| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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Term
| Permits a quick identification of 4 (metabolic, acidic, alkalosis, acidosis) primary disorders based on pH and CO2 |
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Definition
| Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation |
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Term
| What is the normal human blood pH? |
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Definition
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Term
pH < 7.4 is ___
- Low HCO3 leads to metabolic acidosis
- High PaCO2 (alveolar hypoventilation, hypercapnia) |
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Definition
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Term
| Assessment of blood pH - Nature of magnitude of __ and __ disorders |
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Definition
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Term
pH > 7.4 is ___
- High HCO3
- Low PaCO2 (alveolar hypoventilation, hypocapnia) |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflects concentration of bicarbonate in body |
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Definition
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Term
| What are normal PaO2 values? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What values of PaO2 would mean hypoxemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Assess ventilatory status and oxygenation and hypoxemic status |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Diaphoresis
Chest Pain
Difficulty Breathing |
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Term
| __ status of a pt is assessed by determining the extent to which the observed PaO2 is above or below normal range. |
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Definition
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Term
| PaO2 = ___mmHg (mildly hypoxemic) |
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Definition
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Term
| PaO2 = ____mmHg - moderately hypoxemic |
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Definition
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Term
| PaO2 = ____mmHg - severly hypoxemic |
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Definition
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Term
| Arterial blood gases are __ dependent. In acute care they are used to assess current situations. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might ABGs be repeated? |
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Definition
| If ventilator modes or support change |
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Term
| Venous blood gases can provide status of __ and __ |
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Definition
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Term
| Measurement of oxyhemoglobin saturation |
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Definition
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Term
| A popular tool for quick and accurate measurements |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name 4 problems with pulse oximetry. |
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Definition
1. Raynaud's
2. Vasospasms in fingers
3. Quality of pulse oximeter
4. Really cold fingers |
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Term
| What does an oximeter measure? |
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Definition
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Term
| __ tests aid in the assessment of cardiopulmonary dz |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 4 typical tests included under hemotological tests. |
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Definition
ABGs
Electrolyte analysis
Complete blood cell counts
Coagulation Studies |
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Term
| Low hemoglobin, low RBC, or hematocrit |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in hemoglobin, RBC, or hematocrit |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Hematological tests are used in the identification of __ __ organisms and in monitoring body's responses. |
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Definition
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Term
| Used to identify specific microorganisms that may cause dz |
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Definition
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Term
| With cytological and hematological tests, what do the results depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Specimens are most often obtained by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Evaluation of blood's tendency to clot (4) |
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Definition
Bleeding Time
Platelet Count
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Prothrombin Time (PT) |
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Term
| Bleeding time measures rate of formation of platelet thrombus - normal time is up to __ minutes. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 6 steps to ABG analysis? |
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Definition
1. Is pH normal?
2. Is CO2 normal?
3. Is HCO3 normal?
4. Match CO2 or the HCO3 with the pH
5. Does the CO2 or the HCO3 go the opposite direction of the pH?
6. Are the pO2 and the O2 saturation normal? |
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