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Pulmonary Assessment
Pulmonary
62
Nursing
Graduate
06/07/2011

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Trachea
Definition
lies anterior to the esophagus and posterior to the isthmus of the thyroid
Term
Tracheobronchial Tree 
Definition

 

Trachea lies anterior to the esophagus and posterior to the isthmus of the thyroid.
Divides into the right and left main bronchi at about the level of T4 or T5 and just below the manubriosternal joint
The main bronchi are divided into three branches on the right and two on the left.
˜Right bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertically placed than the left bronchus (and therefore more susceptible to aspiration of foreign bodies)
˜The branches then begin to subdivide into terminal bronchioles and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.

 

 

Term
Tracheobronchial Tree (CONT.)
Definition

˜The bronchial arteries branch from the anterior thoracic aorta and the intercostal arteries, supplying blood to the lung parenchyma and stroma.
˜Bronchial vein is formed at the hilum of the lung.
˜Most of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries is returned by the pulmonary veins. 

Term
Relative decrease in pulmonary pressure most often leads to closure of the foramen ovale within minutes after birth. 
Definition
Closure of the foramen ovale
Term

Increased oxygen tension in the arterial blood usually stimulates contraction and closure of the ductus arteriosus.

Definition
closure of the ductus arteriosus.
Term

Mechanical and biochemical factors lead to function changes in respiratoryduring pregnancy

Definition

Enlarging uterus
Increased progesterone

Term

Anatomic changes in chest during pregnancy 

Definition

Lower ribs flare.
Diaphragm rises above usual position.
Diaphragm movement increases so that major work of breathing is done by diaphragm.
Minute ventilation increases due to increased tidal volume.
Respiratory rate remains unchanged.

Term
Older adult changes Chest
Definition

Barrel chest from loss of muscle strength in thorax and diaphragm and loss of lung resiliency
Skeletal changes emphasizing dorsal curve of thoracic spine
Alveoli less elastic, causing fatigue and dyspnea on exertion
Decrease in vital capacity/increase in residual volume
Mucous membranes drier

Term
Apneic episodes-use of apnea monitor
Definition

 – associated perioral cyanosis, breath holding, post – tussive emesis, history of sudden infant death in sibling.

Term
Pectus excavatum
Definition

the most common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest , in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally.

Term
Retractions
Definition

are when the chest wall seems to cave in at the sternum, between the ribs, at the suprasternal notch, above the clavicles, and at the lowest costal margins.
Suggests an obstruction to inspiration at any point in the respiratory tract

Term
Paradoxic breathing
Definition

on inspiration, the lower thorax is drawn in, and on expiration, the opposite occurs.

Term

               Crepitus

Definition

Crackly or crinkly sensation, can be both palpated and heard
Indicates air in the subcutaneous tissue
Rupture somewhere in the respiratory system
Infection with a gas-producing organism

Term

        Friction rub

Definition

Palpable, coarse, grating vibration, usually on inspiration

Term

     Thoracic expansion

Definition

Loss of symmetry in the movement of the thumbs suggests a problem on one or both sides.

Term

       Tactile fremitus

Definition

Palpable vibration of the chest wall that results from speech or other verbalizations

Term

Resonance is normal.
Hyperresonance indicates hyperinflation.
Dullness indicates diminished air exchange.

Definition

Percussion tone indicators for lungs

Term

          Vesicular

Definition

Low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy lung tissue

Term

     Bronchovesicular

Definition

  Heard over the major bronchi and are typically moderate in pitch and intensity

Term

            Bronchial

Definition

Highest in pitch and intensity
Ordinarily heard only over the trachea

Term

          Amphoric

Definition

Breathing that resembles the noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle
Most often heard with a large, relatively stiff-walled pulmonary cavity or a tension pneumothorax with bronchopleural fistula

Term

              Cavernous

Definition

Sounding as if coming from a cavern
Commonly heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid

Term

   Crackles (formerly called rales)

Definition

Abnormal respiratory sound heard more often during inspiration and characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds
Fine: high pitched, and relatively short in duration
Coarse: low pitched, and relatively longer in duration

Term

Rhonchi (sonorous wheezes)

Definition

Deeper, more rumbling, more pronounced during expiration, more likely to be prolonged and continuous, and less discrete than crackles
Caused by the passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, new growth, or external pressure

Term

Wheezes (sibilant wheeze)

Definition

Continuous, high-pitched, musical sound (almost a whistle) heard during inspiration or expiration
Caused by a relatively high-velocity air flow through a narrowed or obstructed airway
May be caused by the bronchospasm of asthma (reactive airway disease) or acute or chronic bronchitis

Term

         Friction rub

Definition

Occurs outside the respiratory tree
Dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound and is heard in both expiration and inspiration
Caused by inflamed, roughened surfaces rubbing together

Term

Mediastinal crunch (Hamman sign)

Definition

Found with mediastinal emphysema
Variety of sounds—loud crackles, clicking and gurgling sounds are synchronous with the heartbeat and not particularly so with respiration

Term

          Bronchophony

Definition

Greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken sounds

Term

              Pectoriloquy

Definition

Extreme bronchophony where even a whisper can be heard clearly through the stethoscope

Term

                Egophony

Definition

Intensity of the spoken voice is increased and there is a nasal quality.
e’s become stuffy broad a’s

Term
Periodic breathing infant
Definition
a sequence of relatively vigorous respiratory efforts followed by apnea of as long as 10 to 15 seconds, is common.
Term
Paradoxic breathing (infant)
Definition

the chest wall collapses as the abdomen distends on inspiration) is common, particularly during sleep.

Term

             Stridor

Definition

High-pitched, piercing sound most often heard during inspiration
Result of an obstruction high in the respiratory tree

Term

     Respiratory grunting

Definition

Mechanism by which the infant tries to expel trapped air or fetal lung fluid while trying to retain air and increase oxygen levels
Cause for concern if persistent

Term

   Asthma (reactive airways disease)

Definition

Small airways obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways ex: wheezing

Term
atelectasis
Definition

Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or the collapse of the lung at any age. Most common in patients who are hospitalized.
If non treated leads to pneumonia

Term
Bronchitis
Definition

Inflammation of the large airways
You expect to hear coughing, coarse crackles, rhoncii, wheezing

Term
Pleurisy
Definition

Inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which becomes edematous and fibrinous
Pleural friction rub sound

Term
Pleural effusion
Definition

Excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space
Hear diminished breath sounds

Term
Empyema
Definition

Purulent exudative fluid collected in the pleural space
Hear sound dullness 

Term
Lung abscess
Definition

Well-defined, circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis
- hear dullness with abscess
- hear diminished sounds with lung

Term
Pneumonia
Definition

Inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent (bacterial, fungal, or viral)
Hear dullness
- most common place to get is right lobe

Term
Influenza
Definition

Viral infection of the lung
Normally an upper respiratory infection, but due to alterations in the epithelial barrier, the infected host is more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.

Term
Tuberculosis
Definition

Chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may then have widespread manifestations

Term
pneumothorax
Definition

Presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Hear diminished sound over it.

Term
Hemothorax
Definition

Presence of blood in the pleural cavity
Diminished breath sounds
Dullness on percussion

Term
Lung cancer
Definition

Generally refers to bronchogenic carcinoma, a malignant tumor that evolves from bronchial epithelial structures

Term

 

Cor Pulmonale

 

Definition

 

Acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure 

 

Term
Pulmonary Embolism
Definition

 

Embolic occlusion of pulmonary arteries
Relatively common condition
Difficult to diagnose

 

Term
Respiratory distress Syndrome
Definition

 

Preterm infant has great difficulty breathing.

 

Term
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Definition

 

Result of an imperfectly structured diaphragm, occurs once in slightly more than 2000 live births

 

Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition

Autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands 

Term
Epiglottis
Definition

 

Acute, life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues 

 

Term
Croup
Definition

Syndrome that generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents, particularly the parainfluenza viruses occurring most often in children from about 1½ to 3 years of age

Term
Tracheomalacia
Definition

Lack of rigidity or a floppiness of the trachea or airway

Term
Bronchiolitis
Definition

Bronchiolar (small airways) inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs occurring most often in infants younger than 6 months

Term

 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

Definition

 

COPD is a nonspecific designation that includes a group of respiratory problems in which cough, chronic and often excessive sputum production, and dyspnea are prominent features.
Not limited to older adults, smokers at greatest risk
Emphysema, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis are the main conditions that are included in this group.

 

Term
Emphysema
Definition

 

Condition in which the lungs lose elasticity and alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function

 

Term
Bronchiectasis
Definition
Chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles is caused by repeated pulmonary infections and bronchial obstruction
Term
Chronic Bronchitis
Definition

Large airway inflammation, usually a result of chronic irritant exposure; more commonly, a problem for patients older than 40

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