Uses Fehlings reagent to test if sugar is reducing, if it is then the Cu2+ of the reagent will be reduced to Cu, and solution will change from blue to red.

This is clinically relevant for patients that may be diabetic

involved in uptake of glucose (not in intestinal cells though)

Duodenum and jujunem will absorb the bulk of dietary sugars

Results from a defect in a specific disaccharide so bacteria will ferment the molecules as they pass from small to large intestine, resulting in methane gas and diarrhea.

for patients- treat with lactase pills, milk that is pre-treated with lactase, or yogurt with bacteria to break down lactase

usually an oxidative process. Takes place with NAD+ , breakdown of molecules

Use energy (ATP) from degrading molecules . Starts with hydrolysis of molecules into build blocks, then converts those blocks into acetyl CoA, then oxidizes acetyl CoA..which goes to TCA cycle (generates LOTS ATP!)

Synthesis of new molecules, usually a reductive reaction. Uses NADPH, and requires ATP (endergonic process)

Will yield nucleic acids, lipids, proteins.

A divergent process

1. signals from within cell (intracellular)

-allosteric inhibitors/activators

2. signals between cells (intercellular)

- gap junctions, NMJ

3. second messenger systems

- adenyl cyclase systems

Breakdown of glycolysis.

If enough oxygen is present (and mitochondria) then pyrvate is end product

GLUT 1- RBCs and brain (from blood)

GLUT2- liver and kidneys (high to low concent)

GLUT 3- neurons (from blood

GLUT 4- fat and skeletal muscle (from blood)

GLUT 5- transporter for fructose

Glucose is coupled onto Na+ gradient to move inside the cell, uses less energy by hitching a ride.

Happens in renal tubules, choroid plexus, and intestine

2 Pyruvate

2 ATP

2 NADH

 irreversibly phosphorylates glucose

inhibited by G6P

has a low Km (high affinity) and low Vmax

phosphorylate glucose in liver and pancreas

- serves as sensor in liver, once threshold is reached then insulin can be produced

- Has a high Km and hig Vmax

-inhibited by F6P

-Committing step to glycolysis! So rxn can carry out.

-Inhibited by increased ATP and increased citrate

Cleaves F6P to dihydroxyacetone phosphate & glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (2 molecules)

This process is reversible and not regulated.  

The first oxidation rxn of gycolysis; will form NADH and then it is reoxidized to NAD+