Term
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Definition
| transfer & utilization of energy in biologic systems. Deals with free energy in terms of initial and final energy states of reactions. This helps determine if a rxn process is possible |
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Term
Energy of a Chemical Reaction
(equation) |
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Definition
G=HT-S
(GET HIGH TEST SCORE)
G= change in free energy
H= change in enthalpy (energy absorbed in rxn)
T= temp
S= change in entropy (randomness) |
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Term
| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Energy cannot be created or destroyed |
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Term
| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| the universe always tends toward increasing disorder: in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases |
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Term
Direction of reactions when G is:
positive?
negative?
zero? |
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Definition
When G is positive= energy must be added for rxn to happen (endergonic)
When G is neg= energy must be taken away for rxn to happen, exergonic
When G=0, rxn is spontaneous and no energy input is needed |
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Term
| Change in G of forward and backward reactions |
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Definition
| Amount of energy needed to go forward is the same amount to go backwards (with negative sign) |
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Term
| Relationship between G and Ke |
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Definition
•ΔGo= - RT lnKeq
•If Keq = 1, then ΔGo = 0, AóB
•If Keq > 1, then ΔGo < 0, A ® B
•If Keq < 1, then ΔGo > 0, A ¬ B
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Term
| Breakdown of Molecules for Energy |
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Definition
Molecules (fatty acids, gluose, amino acids) are made into Acetyl CoA.
Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle, TCA cycle will oxidize these into CO2. During oxidation, the e- are transferred to O2 to make water by ETC.
ATP is made in this process |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxidation reactions will yield H2O and CO2 from metabolic molecules. These molecules donate e- to coenzymes (NAD and FAD). The coenzymes will pass e- onto ETC, which will lose energy as it passes. This energy is taken to make up ATP. Remaining energy will drive Ca++ into mitochondria and generate heat |
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Term
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Definition
Inner membrane: contains components of ETC and is impermeable to most small ions/need carriers and transport systems
Outer membrane is porous, for ions and molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
There are 5 separate compexes of ETC, each accepts or donates e-.
Electrons will ultimately combine with O2 and make water. This is respiratory part of chain and accounts for lots of use of body's oxygen.
Complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
1. Forming NADH: dehydrogenases donate their H to NAD+
2. NADH Hydrogenase: forming FMNH2 at ComplexI
3. Coenzyme Q: accepts H from ComplxII & links flavoproteins to cytochromes
4. Cytochromes: each has heme group
5: Cytochrome a+a3only one that reacts direct with O2 |
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Term
Site specific Inhibitors
What are they?
Name 3 of them |
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Definition
SSIs prevent passage of e- by binding to ETC and stopping redox rxn
3 SSIs are Antimycin, Ametyl Rotenone, Sodium Azide |
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Term
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Definition
| Explains how free energy from ETC is used to make ATP from ADP and Pi |
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Term
| Protein Gradients and ATP Synthase |
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Definition
| H+ is pumped back into intermediate space of mitochondria, creating a gradient. This provides energy to drive ATP synthase (@ complex V). The pumping of H+ provides energy to phosphorylate ADP + Pi into ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| a synthetic incoupler that allows energy to be released from mitochondria as heat, as opposed to making ATP. Used in therapeutic use for weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| prevents re-entry of H+ into matrix. This prevents phosphorylation of ADP to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| create proton "leak" in the inner membrane so H+ can come back in without any energy being captured as ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant toxin that inhibits the ADP+Pi transport from cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
Glycerophosphate Shuttle
&
Malate-aspartate Shuttle |
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Definition
GS: yields 2 ATP for every cytosolic NADH that is oxidized
MAS: yields 3 ATP for every cytosolic NADH that is oxidized |
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Term
| Aptosis from Mitochondria |
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Definition
| Cytochrome C will leave mitochondria and enter cell cytosol, activating proteolytic enzymes that will cleave key proteins to result in cell death |
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