Term
|
Definition
aka communication apprehension
the fears you may have about giving a speech |
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Term
| communication apprehension |
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Definition
aka speech anxiety
the fears you may have about giving a speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| the person who initiates and is responsible for most of the message |
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Term
|
Definition
| the people receiving the speaker's message and contributing feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of the verbal and nonverbal ideas encoded by the speaker and decoded by the audience |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of interpreting |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of the verbal and nonverbal messages encoded by the audience and decoded by the speaker |
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Term
|
Definition
| the means of getting the message accross |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything that interferes with the message or feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| location and time in which the communication takes place |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to refers to the speaker's and audience's identities and life experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| the overlap within the speaker's and audience's identities and life experiences |
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Term
| 1st amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
-adopted in 1791
-states "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or the press...." |
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Term
| how the 1st Amendment pertains to public speaking |
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Definition
-you are morally and legally obligated to comply with laws that protect others
-be careful to debate ideas rather than to attack people
-keep your feelings, especially if you feel angry, in check
-above all, remember that the 1st Amendment is a form of protection and empowerment, not censorship and disenfranchisement |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs or originates outside of the mind or body |
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Term
| the 2 categories of external noise |
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Definition
-environmental barriers
-linguistic barriers |
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Term
|
Definition
| sounds, movement, light, darkness, heat, cold, hard seats |
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Term
|
Definition
| misread verbal and nonverbal messages, such as slang, jargon, technical words, and body language that differs across cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs or originates inside the mind or body |
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Term
| the 2 categories of internal noise |
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Definition
-physiological barriers
-psychological barriers |
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Term
|
Definition
-hunger
-sickness
-disabilities
-pain |
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Term
|
Definition
-negative thoughts about the topic
-distraction outside of the situation (such as a fight with a partner)
-fear
-egocentrism
-racism |
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Term
| one way to get your audience's attention |
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Definition
| recognize their egocentrism |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for your audience to be interested in things that relate and matter to them |
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Term
| why you want your speech to be audience centered |
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Definition
| because audiences wants you to recognize that they are a unique group of individuals, not one mass without personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| systematic investigation of characteristics that make your audience unique |
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Term
| Audience analysis helps you answer such questions as... |
|
Definition
-What ideas should be covered for this audience?
-How much info will they need?
-What language and support materials will work best for them?
-What could be potential audience expectations and reactions?
-What obstacles could affect the speech? |
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Term
|
Definition
| relates to how well you communicate with others |
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Term
|
Definition
| knowing what is distinctive about an audience |
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Term
|
Definition
| being conscientiously aware of what is distinctive about the audience |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to respond to audience differences thru sensitivity, politeness, willing adjustment, and collaboration |
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Term
| qualities of a good central idea |
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Definition
-mechanically sound
-appropriate for the event and audience |
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Term
| the specific purpose of your speech |
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Definition
| single statement that combines your general purpose your audience, and your objective |
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Term
| the objective of the specific purpose |
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Definition
| describes the outcome or behavior you want your audience to experience or adopt |
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Term
| essential question for accuracy |
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Definition
| Does the info seem plausible? |
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Term
| How can you evaluate info for accuracy? |
|
Definition
-check citations
-investigate authors
-verify content with other sources, that is, locate the same info in other sources |
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Term
| 2 standards accurate support materials must meet |
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Definition
-info should be verifiable from the original source as well as supported by multiple sources
-you must use your support materials within their original context |
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Term
|
Definition
-personal
-lay
-prestige
-expert |
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Term
|
Definition
| from your own experience or point of view |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka peer testimony
-occurs when an ordinary person other than the speaker hears witness to their own experiences and beliefs |
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Term
|
Definition
| draws its effectiveness from the status of the person testifying, which often stems from their popularity, fams, attractiveness, high-profile activities, or age, if older |
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Term
|
Definition
| testimony from a person the audience recognizes as an expert |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific instances or cases that embody or illustrate points in your speech |
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Term
|
Definition
-brief
-extended
-hypothetical |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific instances illustrating a single general notion |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka stories, narratives, illustrations, or anecdotes
-more detailed examples, allowing the audience to linger a bit longer on the vivid, concrete images the examples create |
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Term
|
Definition
| based on the potential outcomes of imagined scenarios; they gain their power from future possibilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| the original sources of the info |
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Term
|
Definition
| cite, review, or build upon other sources; they quote or paraphrase primary sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| written for readers who are specialists in their academic or professional fields |
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Term
|
Definition
| written for general readers |
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Term
|
Definition
| brief, usually handwritten, outline of the body of the speech, used to guide the research during the early stages of creating a speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| detailed, full sentence outline of a speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| outline maintaining the structure of the speech while eliminating much of the detail; used during the speech and contains delivery hints |
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Term
|
Definition
| something you say, show, or do to get your audience to focus on you and on the topic and goal of your speech |
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Term
| How much of your speech should be the introduction? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the accepted meaning that is found in the dictionary; this is the definition of a word |
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Term
|
Definition
| the emotional and personal reaction you might have to a word |
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Term
|
Definition
| selecting an incorrect word that sounds similar to the correct word |
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Term
| some common errors in speech |
|
Definition
-misplaced modifier
-using the wrong pronouns
-went vs. gone
-subject/verb agreement |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized or technical language which might be confusing |
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Term
|
Definition
| shortening of a word to stand as the whole word |
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Term
|
Definition
| word formed from the initials or other parts of several words |
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Term
|
Definition
| language techniques that transform ordinary words |
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Term
|
Definition
-simile
-metaphor
-personification
-oxymoron
-hyperbole
-irony
-onomatopoeia
-rhetorical questions |
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Term
|
Definition
| comparison using like or as |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| giving human traits to an object, idea, or animal |
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Term
|
Definition
| connecting 2 ordinarily contradictory words together |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of exaggeration for emphasis |
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Term
|
Definition
| use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| words that imitate the sounds they represent |
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Term
|
Definition
| asking a question, but not for the purpose of receiving an answer |
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Term
|
Definition
| speech devices or language techniques that manipulate word order or repeat sounds, words, phrases, sentences, or grammatical patterns |
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Term
| some schemes used in speech |
|
Definition
-repetition
-assonance
-alliteration
-parallelism
-antithesis
-anastrophe
-asyndeton |
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Term
|
Definition
| replicating the same words, phrases, or sentences for emphasis |
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Term
|
Definition
| repeating a similar vowel sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetition of initial consonants in 2 or more words in close proximity |
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Term
|
Definition
duplicating the same grammatical patterns more than once
example: "Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn."- Benjamin Franklin |
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Term
|
Definition
| juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| reversing expected word order to gain attention |
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Term
|
Definition
| deliberately omitting conjunctions |
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Term
|
Definition
| how high or low your voice is |
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Term
|
Definition
| constant pitch; distracting and boring |
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Term
|
Definition
| varying your pitch; this helps demonstrate emotion |
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Term
|
Definition
| how loud or soft your voice is |
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Term
|
Definition
| the speed at which you speak (abg rate 120-150 words per minute) |
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Term
|
Definition
| slowing down the speaking rate or stopping during a speech for effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluctuating, changing, or adjusting your volume, pitch, rate, and pauses |
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Term
|
Definition
| standard way or commonly accepted way to make a word sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| how completely and clearly you utter a word |
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Term
|
Definition
| the distinctiveness and clarity of linked whole words |
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Term
|
Definition
| how a particular group of people pronounces and uses language |
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Term
|
Definition
| the speaker plans out, rehearses, and delivers the speech from a key-word/phrase outline in a conversational manner |
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Term
|
Definition
| the delivery method used when a speaker reads directly from a word-for-word copy of the speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| delivery method where the speaker delivers a speech from memory exactly as written |
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Term
|
Definition
| delivery method where the speaker has little or no preparation or rehearsal prior to the speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2D or 3D visual items, video footage, audio recordings, and/or multimedia segments that support and enhance your speech |
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|
Term
| What can presentation aids do for your speech? |
|
Definition
-reinforce understanding and promote clarity
-grab attention and maintain interest
-assist with retention
-improve your credibility
-help you cross a cultural divide
-convey emotion
-help you maintain an extemporaneous delivery |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual representations of numerical (statistical) info that demonstrate relationships or differences between 2 or more variables |
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Term
|
Definition
-simplify statistical info
-add visual interest
-can be very informative or persuasive
-help you discuss statistical information
-help your audience focus on relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
-line graphs
-bar graphs
-pictographs
-pie graphs |
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Term
|
Definition
| data plotted along a line |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka bar chart
-graph consisting of vertical or horizontal bars |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka pictogram
-bar graph that uses pictures instead of bars |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka circle graph or pie chart
-circle with sections representing percentages of a given quantity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physiological process of receiving sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act of paying attention and assigning meaning |
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Term
|
Definition
| listening for recreation or enjoyment |
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Term
|
Definition
| listening to give the speaker emotional support |
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Term
|
Definition
| listening to gain insight or comprehension |
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Term
|
Definition
| listening carefully to a message in order to judge it as acceptable or not; this is the root of critical thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| the careful, deliberate determination of whether one should accept, reject, or suspend judgement about a claim [or info] and the degree of confidence with which one accepts or rejects it |
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Term
|
Definition
| brief overviews, delivered in oral form, describing what the evaluator saw and felt about the speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| assessments given in written form, which tend to contain more detailed descriptions and suggestions |
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Term
|
Definition
| taking a moment to consider yourself in relation to the speech and vice versa |
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Term
| how you can evaluate a speech? |
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Definition
-offer constructive feedback
-be positive first
-always offer improvement tips
-avoid attacks
-avoid demeaning comments
-be objective |
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Term
| topics that can be described in informative speeches |
|
Definition
-object
-person
-animal
-place
-event |
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|
Term
| topics that can be explained in informative speeches |
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Definition
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|
Term
| topics you can instruct about in an informative speech |
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Definition
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|
Term
| topics about which you can report in an informative speech |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the assertion you making and will be a claim of fact, value, or policy |
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Term
|
Definition
| the material that proves a claim to be accurate |
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Term
|
Definition
| assumptions that act as links between the evidence and the claim in an argument |
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Term
|
Definition
| link the evidence to the claim by assuming that the claim is accurate based on the credibility of the source of the support materials |
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Term
|
Definition
| link the evidence to the claim based on the speaker's and audience's needs and values |
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Term
|
Definition
| link the evidence to the claim based on the readability of the support materials. In other words, are there enough examples and/or data to be convincing? Are the support materials representative? |
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Term
|
Definition
| constructs a series of general statements (known as premises)that together prove the claim/conclusion correct |
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Term
|
Definition
| the classical form of deductive reasoning, featuring major and minor premises and a conclusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| truncated syllogism that omits an obvious minor premise |
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Term
|
Definition
| arguing from specific cases to a general statement suggesting something to be likely based on specific specific cases |
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Term
|
Definition
| the conclusion that something will be accurate for one case if it is true for another similar case |
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Term
|
Definition
| attempts to demonstrate a relationship between 2 events or factors in which one of the events or factors causes the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| locates its power in the ethos of the testimony of others you might use to support your claim |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of faulty arguments |
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Definition
-slippery slope
-false analogy
-hasty generalization
-ad hominem
-faulty use of authority |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when you argue that a relatively small event or step sets off a chain reaction to disaster |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the 2 things being compared are not similar or are dissimilar in some radical and/or important way related to the claim |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when you use faulty inductive reasoning (specific cases to the general claim). |
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Term
|
Definition
-Latin for "to or against the person"
-Speakers often use this pallacy to divers the audience's attention from the real issue br attacking the person who is associated with a claim presenting a counterargument or by challenging the speaker's claim |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs when you use info or testimony from someone who is not a legitimate authority on the subject |
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Term
|
Definition
| deals with the listener's emotions |
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Term
|
Definition
| relates to a sense of one's history in the larger culture and the need to be a member of that culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ethos is the credibility in inspired by the speaker's character, or what Aristotle called moral character |
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Term
|
Definition
| appealing to the listener's ability to use logic |
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Term
| types of persuasive propositions or claims |
|
Definition
-proposition of fact
-proposition of value
-proposition of policy |
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Term
|
Definition
| answers "What is accurate or not?" |
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Term
|
Definition
| answers "What has worth or importance? What is good, wise, ethical, beautiful?" |
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Term
|
Definition
| answers "What procedures, plans, or courses of action need to be terminated and/or implemented?" |
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|
Term
| persuasive speech to convince |
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Definition
| to convince my audience to change their attitudes, values, or beliefs |
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Term
| persuasive speech to stimulate |
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Definition
| to stimulate the attitudes, values, or beliefs my audience already holds |
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Term
| persuasive speech to activate |
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Definition
| to move my audience to action |
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Term
|
Definition
| the primary group of people you are aiming to appeal to |
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Term
|
Definition
| speech presented after a person's death |
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Term
|
Definition
| commemorates lives or accomplishments of people, groups, institutions, or events |
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Term
|
Definition
| presents an event's next or main speaker to the audience |
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Term
|
Definition
| ritual expressing honor or goodwill to a person, group, institution, or event, punctuated by taking a drink |
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Term
|
Definition
| humorous tribute to a person |
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Term
| speech of award presentation |
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Definition
| speech given to announce the recipient(s) of an award, prize, or honor |
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Term
| speech of award acceptance |
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Definition
| the response a speaker gives after receiving an award, prize, or honor |
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Term
|
Definition
| speech usually given with the general purpose to entertain but with a relevant message |
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Term
|
Definition
| strives to fulfill a general purpose to motivate, encourage, move, or arouse an audience in a positive manner |
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|
Term
| types of business presentations |
|
Definition
-oral reports
-recommendations |
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Term
|
Definition
| forms of informative speaking designed to present business-related info to others |
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Term
|
Definition
| proposals arguing for a belief or course of action and, therefore, are a form of on-the-job persuasion |
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Term
| how to create business presentations |
|
Definition
1: starting
2: researching
3: creating
4: presenting
5: evaluating |
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|
Term
| some strategies for creating reports |
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Definition
-chronological
-topical
-spatial |
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Term
| some strategies for creating recommendations |
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Definition
-causal
-comparative
-problem-solution |
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Term
| the roles you can play in a small group |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-implied
-designated
-emergent |
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Term
|
Definition
| when other group members defer to a member because of their rank, expertise, or other characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| by election or appointment when the group is formed |
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Term
|
Definition
| during the early stages of the group's formation, a member evolves as the leader |
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Term
|
Definition
-authoritarian (aka autocratic)
-democratic (aka participative)
-laissez-faire (aka delegative or free-reign) |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka autocratic
-leaders who assume and maintain superiority and authority over small groups by telling the groups what needs to be done without asking advice from the groups |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka participative
-leaders who involve group members in the decision-making and/or creative processes |
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Term
|
Definition
-aka delegative or free-reign
-leaders who allow their group members complete freedom with the process necessary to reach the group goal |
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Term
|
Definition
-procedural communication
-task communication
-maintenance communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| the routine communication necessary for a group to function (such as location of meetings and the agenda) |
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Term
| examples of procedural communication |
|
Definition
-establishing the places, dates, and times the group will meet
-setting and distributing the agenda
-finding a room, setting up equipment, and taking care of personal needs (water, coffee, comfortable space, etc.)
-preparing and distributing materials
-taking notes or minutes or appointing someone else to do so
-summarizing at the end of each meeting |
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Term
|
Definition
| the necessary interactions during group meetings to keep the group on task to reach its goal |
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|
Term
| examples of task communication |
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Definition
-helping the group make decisions or solve problems
-helping research and collect info
-pushing the group to consider all options
-assigning tasks to each member
-helping the group reach a consensus |
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|
Term
| maintenance communication |
|
Definition
| involves creating and maintaining effective interpersonal relationships within the group |
|
|
Term
| examples of maintenance communication |
|
Definition
-controlling conflict and bad behavior
-determining if members are fulfilling their tasks
-creating and maintaining a supportive environment |
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