Term
| list Aristotles 5 Cannons of Rhetoric |
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Definition
invention
arrangement
style
memory
delivery |
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Term
Managing speech anxiety
onset periods (4) |
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Definition
prepreparation
preperation
preperformance
performance |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to speak confidently and convincingly in public. Delivering a message with a specific purpose to an audience. |
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Term
explain benefits of public speaking:
personal |
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Definition
| greater confidence and satisfaction in life, hone critical thinking and listening skills |
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Term
explain benefits of public speaking:
professional |
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Definition
| interpersonal, analytical, teamwork, and computer skills, and other critical areas |
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Term
| list three types of oratory |
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Definition
forensic
deliberative
epideictic |
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Term
define type of oratory:
forensic |
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Definition
| n ancient Greece, speech addressing legal matters, such as the settlement of disputes |
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Term
define type of oratory:
deliberative |
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Definition
| speech addressing legislative or political policy issues |
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Term
define type of oratory:
epideictic |
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Definition
| peech addressing special occasions, such as celebrations and funerals |
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Term
Define Aristotle's 5 cannons of rhetoric:
invention |
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Definition
| adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case. |
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Term
define Aristotle's 5 cannons of rhetoric:
arrangement |
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Definition
| organizing the speech in ways that are best suited to the topic and the audience. |
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Term
Define Aristotle's 5 cannons of rhetoric:
style |
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Definition
| the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas. |
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Term
Define Aristotle's 5 cannons of rhetoric:
memory |
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Definition
| the practice of the speech until it can be artfully delivered. |
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Term
Define Aristotle's 5 cannons of rhetoric:
delivery |
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Definition
| the vocal and nonverbal behavior you use when speaking. |
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Term
Explain onset period of PSA:
Pre-preparation |
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Definition
| reluctance to begin planning for a speech |
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Term
Explain onset period of PSA:
preparation |
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Definition
| usually anxiety is lowest during this phase, but there may be stress, avoidance and procrastination that can cause this anxiety |
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Term
Explain onset period of PSA:
Pre-performance |
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Definition
| anxiety during rehearsing the speech - feeling that ideas aren’t focused, or time is too short |
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Term
Explain onset period of PSA:
performance |
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Definition
| most pronounced during the introduction of the speech, when the speaker is most aware of the audience’s attention |
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Term
| List six recommended strategies for reducing PSA and becoming a more confident speaker.(6) |
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Definition
a.Prepare and Practice
b.Modify Thoughts and Attitudes
c.Visualize Success
d.Use Relaxation Techniques
e.Learn from Evaluations
f.Enjoy Yourself! |
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Term
| Vizualization: Definition and Benefits |
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Definition
-"guided imagery" or "mental rehearsal"
-based on concentration on 'seeing' the successful outcome of the performance
-commonly used by athletes
Benefits:highly successful way to reduce nervousness and help prepare effectively for your speech. Individual can summon feelings and actions consistent with effective performance |
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Term
| Stress Control breathing: definition and benefits |
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Definition
breathing in through abdomen and using key words like 'calm' and 'relax'
(fixes common issue h=where people breathe from chest rather than abdomen when stressed)
Benefits: supplies more oxygen to your body and reduces stress |
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Term
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Definition
| a charge, trust, or duty for which one is accountable |
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Term
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Definition
| he study of moral conduct - how people should act toward one another. |
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Term
| Relation of responsibility and ethics to public speaking |
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Definition
| ethics refers to the responsibilities we have toward our audience and ourselves, and the responsibility listeners have toward speakers |
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Term
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Definition
| a Greek word meaning “character”. According to Aristotle, audiences listen to and trust speakers who demonstrate positive ethos. |
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Term
| List three components of positive ethos (3) |
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Definition
competence
good moral character
goodwill |
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Term
Explain component of positive ethos:
Competence |
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Definition
| demonstrated by the speaker’s grasp of the subject matter |
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Term
Explain component of positive ethos:
Good moral character |
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Definition
| the speaker’s trustworthiness, straightforwardness, and honest presentation of the message |
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Term
Explain component of positive ethos:
Goodwill |
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Definition
| speaker’s knowledge and attitude of respect toward the audience and the particular speech occasion |
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Term
List characteristics of speaker credibility according to modern research (4)
People place their greatest trust in speakers who... |
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Definition
•have a solid grasp of the subject
•display sound reasoning skills
•are honest and straightforward
•are genuinely interested in the welfare of the listeners |
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Term
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Definition
| our most enduring judgments or standards of what’s good and bad in life. Our ethical choices, including those we make in our speeches, are our values in action. |
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Term
| How should you incorporate your values and your listeners’ values into your speech? |
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Definition
| Anticipate that audience members will have various values that will differ with everyone else’s, and proceed with sensitivity. The more you understand your listeners beforehand, the more effectively you can engage them. |
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Term
| list three types of speech not protected by first ammendment (3) |
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Definition
incitement
slander
privacy violations |
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Term
Explain type of speech not protected by first ammendment:
incitement |
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Definition
|
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Term
Explain type of speech not protected by first ammendment:
slander |
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Definition
| speech that is defamatory or potentially harmful to an individual’s reputation at work or in the community. |
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Term
Explain type of speech not protected by first ammendment:
privacy violations |
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Definition
| speech that invades a person's privacy |
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Term
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Definition
| our right to express ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| our right to be protected from speech that harms us |
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Term
| list ground rules for ethical public speaking (4) |
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Definition
a.Be trustworthy: trustworthiness is a combination of honesty and dependability
b.Demonstrate respect: treating people right
c.Make responsible choices: evidence, reasoning, accuracy, purpose
d.Demonstrate fairness: genuine effort to see all sides of an issue, open-minded |
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Term
| list methods for demonstrating respect during speech (4) |
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Definition
a.Focus on issues, not people
b.Allow audience rational choice
c.Avoid in/out grouping
d.Don’t be ethnocentric |
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Term
Define form of plagarism:
wholesale |
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Definition
| “cut and paste” material from sources into your speech and represent it as your own |
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Term
Define form of plagarism:
patchwrite |
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Definition
| copying material into your speech draft from a source and then changing or rearranging words and sentence structures to make it appear as your own |
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Term
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Definition
| A legal protection afforded original creators of literary and artistic works. To include copyrighted works, you must determine when and if you need permission. |
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Term
| •When/how does a copyrighted work become public domain? |
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Definition
| From 1978 onwards, the copyright is good for the author’s lifetime, plus 50 years. After that, unless extended, the work falls into the public domain - anyone can reproduce it. |
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Term
Explain:
fair use (copyright law) |
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Definition
| permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship, criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, and research. You can do this without seeking for author’s permission. |
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Term
| Explain: Audience Analysis |
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Definition
| process of gathering and analyzing information about audience members with the explicit aim of adapting your message to the information you uncover. |
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Term
Explain:
Audience centered approach |
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Definition
| keeping the audience in mind while preparing speech, to make it meaningful for them. |
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Term
Explain:
Perspective taking |
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Definition
| Trying to uncover the audience’s feelings and expectations, toward 1) the topic of your speech, 2) you as the speaker, and 3) the speech occasion. Helps you see things from the listener’s point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which people perceive reality. The less people believe in something, the less they want to hear about it. |
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Term
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Definition
| our most enduring judgments about what’s good and bad in life. |
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Term
Explain audience:
attitudes |
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Definition
| our general evaluations of people, ideas, objects, or events. |
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Term
Hofstede’s “Value Dimensions” model:
individualism vs. collectivism |
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Definition
| cultural value differences of self vs group focus |
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Term
Hofstede’s “Value Dimensions” model:
high-uncertainty vs. low-uncertainty |
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Definition
| cultural value differences of degree of acceptance of ambiguity |
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Term
Hofstede’s “Value Dimensions” model:
high-power distance vs. low-power distance |
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Definition
| cultural value differences of relational view of authority |
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Term
Hofstede’s “Value Dimensions” model:
d.masculine vs. feminine |
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Definition
| cultural value differences of gender orientation |
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Term
Hofstede’s “Value Dimensions” model:
e.long-term vs. short term orientation |
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Definition
| cultural value differences of rewards and gratification |
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Term
Lewis’ “Cultural Types” model:
a.linear-active cultures |
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Definition
| culture type that values systematical approach, doing one thing at a time in an organized fashion. |
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Term
Lewis’ “Cultural Types” model:
b.multi-active cultures |
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Definition
| culture type that values doing many things at once, people-oriented, and extroverted |
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Term
Lewis’ “Cultural Types” model:
c.reactive cultures |
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Definition
| culture type that will rarely initiate discussions of actions, listen to what others have to say first, courteous, accommodating and good listeners. |
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Term
explain audience analysis type:
survey |
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Definition
| more effective audiece analysis, designed to gather info from a pool of respondents |
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Term
explain audience analysis type:
interviews |
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Definition
| face-to-face communication, mix of open and closed-ended questions |
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Term
explain audience analysis type:
consulting published sources |
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Definition
| materials that can often contain info that you can use to identify salient info about your listener i.e. websites, brochures, polls, reports... |
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Term
| list three functions of supporting materials (3) |
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Definition
1) creates interests and engages attention
2) illustrates, clarifies, and elaborates on the meaning of your ideas
3) proves that a statement is correct |
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Term
Explain type of supporting material exapmple:
brief |
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Definition
| a single illustration of a point |
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Term
Explain type of supporting material exapmple:
extended |
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Definition
| used multifaceted illustrations of an idea being described, getting the point across more effectively by reiterating. |
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Term
Explain type of supporting material exapmple:
hypothetical |
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Definition
| something that hasn’t happened yet, but what you believe the outcome will be. |
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Term
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Definition
| findings or opinions by a professionals who are trained to evaluate or report on a given topic. |
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Term
Define:
Lsy (non expert) testimony |
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Definition
| can convey a powerful message by being a first hand witness with info that may not be available to others. (they experience something firsthand) |
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Term
| list rules for using facts/ statistics (4) |
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Definition
a.Use them accurately
b.Present them ethically - choose sources carefully
c.Present them in context
d.Remember statistics are not absolute truth. |
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Term
|
Definition
to selectively present only those stats that buttress your point of view, while ignoring competing data.
*Statistical support cannot be selected as to what looks good, must use it according to context. |
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Term
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Definition
| our level of trust in the source’s credentials and past performance |
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Term
|
Definition
| our judgement about the probable truth of a source’s statement |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of selecting information to illustrate or prove your points |
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Term
Define:
primary research
-examples |
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Definition
original or first-hand research, conducted by YOU
-interviews
-surveys |
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|
Term
Define:
Secondary research
-examples |
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Definition
the vast world of information gathered by others
■Books
■Newspapers
■Periodicals
■Government publications
■Reference works
■Scholarly reports/articles |
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Term
Explain:
documenting resources |
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Definition
| keep track of bibliographic info; easiest way is to maintain a working bibliography. |
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Term
|
Definition
large portion of the Web that general search engines fail to find
library portal
virtual libraries |
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Term
| individual search engines |
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Definition
| include Google, Yahoo, Windows Live: they compile their own databases. |
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Term
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Definition
| but they can search a variety of individual search engines simultaneously. not recommended b/c results include only the top listings from each search engine. |
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Term
| specialized search engines |
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Definition
| lets you conduct narrower but deeper searches into a particular field. they are databases created by researchers, government agencies and businesses. |
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Term
|
Definition
searchable database of web sites organized by categories. they allow you to progressively narrow your search or “drill down” your topic until you find what you were looking for.
*If you are looking for a list of reputable sites on the same subject use |
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Term
define:
organizing/arrangement |
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Definition
| the strategic process of deciding how to order your speech points into a coherent and convincing pattern for your topic and audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
the physical process of plotting your speech points down in hierarchical order of importance.
essential tool that lets you check for logical inconsistencies in the placement of speech points and allows for easy identification of weaknesses in the support of your topic. |
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Term
| list three parts of a speech (3) |
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Definition
◦Introduction - establishes speech’s purpose
◦Body - presents main points
◦Conclusion - ties the purpose and main points together |
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Term
| list three stratagies of organizing the body of a speech |
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Definition
◦Main points - represent each of the claims being made
◦Supporting points - support the arguments
◦Transition - alerts the audience to the speaker’s direction they are going |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
Chronological pattern |
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Definition
| to describe a series of developments in a time or a set of actions occurring sequentially |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
spatial pattern |
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Definition
| to describe or explain the physical arrangement of a place, scene, event, or object |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
causal pattern |
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Definition
| to explain or demonstrate a topic in terms of its underlying causes or effects |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
problem-solution pattern |
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Definition
| to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and provide justification for a proposed solution |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
narrative pattern |
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Definition
| to convey ideas through the medium of a story with characters, settings, and a plot |
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Term
Explain organizational pattern:
circular pattern |
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Definition
| to demonstrate how one idea leads to another and then another, all of which leads back to the speech thesis |
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Term
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Definition
| for preparation, essential for composing a speech. Finalize the specific purpose and thesis, firm up main points, develop supporting points. |
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Term
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Definition
| the one you will use when you are practicing and actually presenting the speech. Contain your ideas in condensed form, are much briefer than working outlines. |
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Term
explain type of delivery:
manuscript |
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Definition
| speech that is read word for word; politicians, if it fails there must be a back up |
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Term
explain type of delivery:
memory |
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Definition
| speech that is oratory, fully memorized, rarely occur in US, can be used for toasts and small speeches, it is unnatural |
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Term
explain type of delivery:
impromtu |
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Definition
| speech that is unpracticed, spontaneous, improvises, given with little notice, be prepared, think on your feet, listen to others, may be given in a work environment |
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Term
explain type of delivery:
exptemporanious |
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Definition
| example would be Special occasion's speech, business presentations, falls between an impromptu, a written and a memorized delivery, easy to get off track, speech may take longer than anticipated. |
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Term
explain vocal quality:
volume |
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Definition
| relative loudness, should be somewhat louder than that of normal conversation, depends on room size, number of people in audience, microphone or no microphone, level of background noise. |
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Term
explain vocal quality:
pitch |
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Definition
| Varied ranges of sounds, "higher" or "lower". can imbue statements with meaning |
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Term
explain vocal quality:
rate |
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Definition
speed of speech
moderate rate of speech= greater credibility |
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Term
Explain nonverbal comm:
aural channel |
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Definition
| made up of the vocalizations that form and accompany spoken words. Includes the qualities of volume, pitch, rate, variety, and pronunciation and articulation. |
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Term
Explain nonverbal comm:
paralanguage |
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Definition
| refers to how something is said, not to what is said. |
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Term
Explain nonverbal comm:
visual channel |
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Definition
| includes the speaker’s physical actions and appearance - facial expressions, gestures, general body movement, physical appearance, dress, and objects held. |
|
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Term
| list functions of nonverbal comm (4) |
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Definition
. Clarify verbal messages: “I hate you” as a joke vs. really meaning it
b. Facilitate feedback: listeners use body cues - head shaking, smiles, frowns, etc.
c. Establish relationships between speaker and audience
d. Establish speaker credibility |
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Term
| list tips for nonverbal comm during delivery (5) |
|
Definition
Animate your facial expressions
b. Maintain eye contact
c. Use gestures that feel natural
d. Be aware of general body movement
e. Dress appropriately |
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Term
| list tips for practicing delivery (6) |
|
Definition
a. Focus on message
b. Record the speech
c. Be prepared to revise your speaking notes
d. Practice under realistic conditions
e. Time your speech
f. Plan ahead and practice often |
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Term
define:
informative speaking |
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Definition
| the purpose is to increase the audience’s awareness and understanding by imparting knowledge. |
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Term
|
Definition
defining by explaining what it does.
ex. computer processes information. |
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Term
|
Definition
defining by describing what it is not.
ex. courage is not the absence of fear. |
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Term
|
Definition
defining by providing several concrete examples of it.
ex. health professionals are doctors, nurses, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
defining by comparing it to something with which it is synonymous.
ex. a friend is a comrade or a buddy. |
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Term
|
Definition
defining by illustrating the root meaning of the word in question.
ex. our word rival derives from the Latin word rivalis. |
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Term
|
Definition
explanations that link the unfamiliar with the familiar
*use to build on prior knowledge in order to reduce confusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| greak verb meaning to believe, the process of influencing attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior |
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Term
| 3 characteristics of persuasive speeck |
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Definition
| attept to influence audience choices, limit alternatives, and seek response |
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Term
|
Definition
| [when a speaker uses a hasty generalization, the argument uses an isolated instance to make an unwarranted general conclusion, generalize about a large group of people based on a single case] |
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Term
|
Definition
| An unethical speaker who relies heavily on irrelevant emotional appeal to short circut listeners rational decision making process |
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Term
|
Definition
| offering a graphic description of what will happen if the audience does not comply |
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Term
|
Definition
| to maipulate audience emotions for the purpose of promoting belief system |
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Term
| logical fallicy: begging the question |
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Definition
| -stating the question in such a way that it is circular. Statement cannot be wrong, because the claim is the evidence (he is unattractive because he is ugly, if it was legal, it wouldn’t be against the law |
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Term
| logical fallicy: bandwagoning |
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Definition
| irrelevant appeal to popularity, everyone does it (if smoking was bad, people wouldn’t do it) |
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Term
| logical fallicy: either or |
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Definition
| (in powerpoint as false dichotomy) presented with two options as if no other options exist (if you're not with us, you're against us) |
|
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Term
| logical fallicy: ad hominem |
|
Definition
| attack the person who is making the argument, not the argument itself (you’re wrong because you’re an idiot) |
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Term
| logical fallicy: red herring |
|
Definition
| presented with evidence that is unrelated to claim to distract from issue (its important to raise admission standards because we don’t want the economy to suffer) |
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Term
| logical fallicy: hasty generalization |
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Definition
| generalize about large group based on one single case |
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Term
| logical fallicy: non sequitor |
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Definition
| when something does not follow from the premise (if we can learn to swim, we can learn to fly) (if you can dodge a wrench, you can dodge a ball) |
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|
Term
| logical fallicy: slipppery slope |
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Definition
| a single must event must be followed by a next event, and then a next event, and so on. Assumes steps in between |
|
|
Term
| logical fallyicy: appeal to tradition |
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Definition
| this is how it has always been therefore it is correct (always hazed therefore we should continue to haze) |
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