Term
|
Definition
| anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress. |
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Term
|
Definition
| controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| focused,organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener. |
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Term
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Definition
| whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. |
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Term
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Definition
| the means by which a message is communicated. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the person who receives the speaker's message. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that impedes the communication of a message. interference can be external or internal to listeners. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the time and place in which speech communication occurs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines. |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of language to deframe, demean, or degrade individuals or groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own. |
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Term
|
Definition
| stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. |
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Term
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Definition
| failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words. |
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Term
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Definition
| the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear. |
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Term
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Definition
| listening for pleasure or enjoyment. |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to provide emotional support for a speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to understand the message of a speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120-150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 words a minute). |
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Term
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Definition
| giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view. |
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Term
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Definition
| an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| the broad goal of a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being. |
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Term
| demographic audience analysis |
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Definition
| audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background. |
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Term
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Definition
| creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike. |
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Term
| situational audience analysis |
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Definition
| audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and the occasion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution,etc. |
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Term
| fixed-alternative questions |
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Definition
| questions that offer a fixed choice between the two or more alternatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| questions that allow respondents to answer however they want. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject as religion, art, law, science, music,etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reference work that provides information about people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a search engine that combines internet technology with tradtional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an interview conducted to gather information for a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a list of compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the average value of a group of numbers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields. |
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Term
|
Definition
| testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| testimony that is presented word for word. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the major points developed in the body of a speech. most speeches contain from two to five main points. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker in in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of symboliaztion and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| words that refer to tangible objects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| words that refer to ideas or concepts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a trite or overused expression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as," between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the use of "he" to refer to both women and men. |
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Term
|
Definition
| communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a constant pitch or tone of voice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the speed at which a person speaks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um." |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physical production of particular speech sounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication. |
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Term
|
Definition
| motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct visual contact with the eyes of another person. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a speech that combines several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complete set of type of the same design. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a complete set of type of the same design. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a typeface with rounded edges on the letters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a typeface with straight edges on the letters. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way objects enter or exit a powerpoint slide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding. |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product. |
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Term
|
Definition
| anything that happens or is regarded as happening. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions. |
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|
Term
| mental dialogue with the audience |
|
Definition
| the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. |
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|
Term
| speech to gain passive agreement |
|
Definition
| a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy. |
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|
Term
| speech to gain immediate action |
|
Definition
| a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious problems? |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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|
Term
| problem-cause-solution order |
|
Definition
| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem. |
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|
Term
| comparative advantages order |
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Definition
| a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions. |
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|
Term
| Monroe's motivated sequence |
|
Definition
| a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. the five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speecg. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| supporting materials used to prove or disprove something. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the name used by aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. the two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. |
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|
Term
| reasoning from specific instances |
|
Definition
| reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning "after this, therefore because of this." |
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Term
|
Definition
| reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the name used by aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal. |
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