Term
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Definition
Created in response to public demand and reflects courses of action over time by the government
-goal oriented
-can be positive and negative |
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Term
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Definition
1. Problem identification
2. agenda setting
3.formulation
4. adoption
5. implementation
6.evaluation |
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Term
| Policy output vs. Policy outcome |
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Definition
Policy output- focuses on the formation of policy and what the result is where
policy outcomes- focus on policy's societal consequences (example, do longer prison terms reduce crime rates) |
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Term
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Definition
1) constituent
2)Redistributive
3)Self-regulating
4) Distributive |
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Term
Type of policies
Constituent: |
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Definition
Policy which concerned with the establishment of government structure, establishment of rules for the conduct of government, rules that distribute or divide power and jurisdiction
Example; Department of homeland security |
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Term
Types of Policies
Redistributive; |
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Definition
efforts by the government to shift the allocation of weath, income, property, or rights, difficult to enact and retain.
Examples; graduated income tax/ voter rights act |
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Term
Types of policies
Self-regulating; |
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Definition
policies that restrict or control some matters or group,
self-imposed to protect or promote the interest of its members |
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Term
types of policies
Distributive; |
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Definition
involves using public funds to assist particular group, communities, industries; the cost comes from all so in theory everyone wins
example; pork-barrel legislation |
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Term
| Material vs Symbolic policy |
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Definition
material policies provides tangible resources or substantive power to their beneficiaries or impose real disadvantages on those affected
Symbolic policies have little material impact on people but do appeal to peoples cherished values |
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Term
| Collective vs Private goods |
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Definition
Collective- indivisible / cant be shared or broken up- provide for one you provide for all
Example- national defense
Private-
are divisible so they can be broken up and purchased or changed by an individual |
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Term
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Definition
-policy 1st comes from the demands arising from its environment
-then demands are claimed to satisfy a group or persons interest and value
-support is rendered when they accept the decision and action taken
-output from the political systems like law and rules then become the new demand |
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Term
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Definition
-public policy is a product of group struggles
-A group must have access to influence and the able to help shape governmental decisions
-as a group gain and loose power and influence public policy will be altered in favor of the goups gaining power rather than the ones loosing it. |
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Term
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Definition
The governing elite reflect public policy;
i. society is divided into the few that have power and the many whom dont
ii. few that govern are not typical of the mass
iii.movement from non-elite to elite is slow
iv.elite think the same way about social system and want to preserve it.
v.does not reflect the demand of the masses
vi.elites may act out of self-serving motives
vii. Elites influence masses more than mass influence elites |
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Term
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Definition
public policy is determined and implemented by institutions/ policies are aimed to explain how institutions are suppose to be operated
Based on rules and procedures |
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Term
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Definition
involves applying the principles of microeconomic theory to the analysis and explanation of political behavior
Self-interest
Methodological individualism - the individual decisions maker is the primary unit of analysis. there preference are assumed to be more important
Parties will formalize whatever policies will give them the most votes |
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Term
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Definition
widely held values, beliefs, and attitude on what government should try to do, how they should operate, and the relationship between the citizen and the government
this is transmitted from one generation to another by socializations like friends, family, teachers, political leaders and others.
Socioeconomic conditions - this is used because it is impossible to separate social and economic factors because they influence our political activity |
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Term
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Definition
Micropolitics
subsystem
Macropolitics |
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Term
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Definition
Efforts made by individuals, companies, and communities for secure favorable governmental action for themselves
Example- air-pollution control/ coalmine safety regulations or river and harbor improvements
Also would be when s individual seeks a favorable ruling for an administrative agency or special bill offering and exemption from a requirement of the immigration law, when a company seeks a favorable change in tax code or a televison broadcasting license or when a community needs a grant for something |
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Term
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Definition
Iron triangle- Symbiotic relationship among congressional committees, administrative agency or two, and the relevant interest groups
Advocacy coaliton-
Set of people within a subsystem who share the basic values, perceptions of problems , and policy preference and who cooperate to advance attainment of their policy foals and interest
- there are normally two or more in a subsystem |
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Term
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Definition
Isses that attract wide interest and participation from rank and file are alike the political elite
The issues are very controversial and large numbers of people care about the issue |
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Term
| Policy Formation vs Policy formulation |
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Definition
Policy formation is the total process of creating, adopting and implementing a policy
Policy formulation- is the crafting of alternatives for dealing with the process |
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Term
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Definition
1) Policy stream -matter on which policy players inside or outside the government would like to secure action
2) Policy Proposals stream- comprises possible solutions for problems, sharing ideas for the policy
3) Politics Streams- includes items such as election results, changes in presidential administrations, swings public moods, and press-groups campaigs
4) Policy Window- when policy stream, policy proposals stream, Politics stream converge and there is an opening to push attention to their special problem or solution |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that are sudden and can be defended as harmful or could be and are known to policy makers and the public at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
-may say problem does not exist
-problem is not appropriate for government action
-fear may be expressed about the societal consequences of proposed governmental action
-the problem could be adequately be treated by non-governmental means |
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Term
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Definition
mean that demand silenced before they make it to decision making area
1)by force
2)prevailing values or beliefs
3)management of conflict |
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Term
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Definition
a. change in condition
b. more pressing problems
c. or people may become accustom to the condition |
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Term
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Definition
| Technical- tying new legislation to existing statutes |
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Term
| The Rational-Comprehensive theory |
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Definition
drawn from how a rational person would make decisions from facts like(mathematics, psychologist or any other social science)
-problem becomes isolated
-goals are identified and ranked
-cost benefit analysis conduced
Problems- 1) this unrealistic intellectual 2) decision maker is not unitarian 3) there is sometimes no enough information |
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Term
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Definition
Process that changes or adds policy (limited changes)
(Budget for example)
works quickly!
Criticism
1)too small of changes- so they aren't really effective
2) since its so small it leaves you no guidelines to handle a crisis
3)Discourages researching alternative, since its much easier
4)does not eliminate the need for a decision making theory |
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to combine the use of incrementalism and rationalism, drawing upon strengths while avoiding short coming |
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Term
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Definition
their Values
-organization values
-professional values
-personal values
-policy values
-ideological values |
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Term
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Definition
Value
political party affiliation
constituency
public opinion
deference
decision rule
science |
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Term
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Definition
| means- to let precedents stand (supreme court) |
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Term
| styles of decision making |
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Definition
bargaining
persuasion
command |
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Term
| Factors in presidential decision making |
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Definition
permissibility and acceptability
available resources
available time
previous commitments
available information |
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Term
| Main problems with checks and balances |
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Definition
Allows for policy shopping....
decentralization of power
You have to have cooperation and deference among the branchs to make it work
makes things inefficient/ becauses things go slower and everything can get though |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of all issues that are commonly perceived by members of the political community as meriting public attention |
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Term
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Definition
a) policy is response to demand arising from its environment
b)demands a claim for action
c) support is rendered when groups or individuals accept the decisions and actions taken
d) outputs of this include law, rules, judicial decisions, and those output can produce a new demand |
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Term
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Definition
| They are the link between the 3 streams that are seemingly independent |
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Term
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Definition
what is proposed to be done about the problem
1) what is the proposal
-is it sound- are cost acceptable, is it political acceptable, will it be acceptable to public if lawed
2)Who is involved-
Gov agencies - aware and develop new proposals for executive, designed policies to modify or strengthen existing law
presidential organizations- temp established by president to study that certain area
legislatures
interest groups |
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Term
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Definition
| when a proposal from the policy formulation is chosen |
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Term
| Political Party affiliation |
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Definition
single best predictor of how member of congress will vote on an issue
- European countries are more of a consistent predictor of this |
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Term
| Congressional Decision making |
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Definition
Political parties are weak because party leaders have only limited power to control and disciple (british house of commons can though)
Their constituencies has the ability to hire and fire
standing committees - they have the ability to kill, alter, or unchanged bills. |
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Term
| Executive Preparation of the budget |
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Definition
-agencies transmit budget request to president before they are sent to congress in a comprehensive budget
-Preparation done 9 months in advance
-day to day issues handled by office of management and budget, agencies, and executive departments.
-OBM provides instruction, policy guidance, and tentative budget ceiling
- OBM evaluates budgets bas on policies and programs of the president
-budget then sent to congress reflecting the presidents priorities, the effects on economy, and public policy direction
-discretion are constrained due to 2/3 of expenditure are direct or mandatory |
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Term
| Congressional Authorization |
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Definition
a. Legislations has to be enacted establishing a policy or program and authorization the expenditure of money in its support
b. money has to be made available by the adoption of the appropriation legislation
*authorization is handled by the substantive or legislative committee and appropriation legislation is domain of the house and senate appropriation committees
-Presidents budget is sent to congress and split between 12 appropriation bills and is referred to house appropriations then 12 subcommittees hold hearings where agencies testify in explanation or defense of budget request |
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Term
| Congressional authorization Cont. |
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Definition
Congress seeks info on agencies for budget
1)existence - is the agency or program necessary
2)objective- what are there goals
3) results- whats it accomplishing
4) line-item changes
Conference committee- members of house and senate, to resolve differences between the bodies |
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Term
Budget process
February
March 15
April 1
April 15
May-june
July- september
September
October 1 |
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Definition
February- presidents budget sent(1st monday of month)
March 15-standing committees send their budgets to estimate the house and senate committees
April 1- budget committees report resolution to house and senate
April 15- congress adopts a concurrent resolution setting targets for revenues, budget authorities, and outlays
May-june- house completes action on appropriation bills
July- september- Senate acts on appropriation bills, conference committee resolves differences, appropriations are enacted
September-reconciliation legislation enacted if needed
October 1 - fiscal years begins |
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Term
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Definition
Office of Management and Budget distributes the money, department or agency must secure an apportionment
-Executive offices do not have broad discretion to shift funds
-Congress can include specific restriction in appropriation laws and committees can suggest |
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Term
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Definition
A. Legislature: Committee hearing and incestigations are used to gather info, specificity of leg, senatorial approval legislative veto gives administrative agencies flexibility in implementation of legislation while permitting congress to exercise control over what is one, "casework for constituents
B. Courts- Most important influence, the interpretation of statues and administrative riles and regulations
C. pressure groups-
D. Community Organization- grassroots effect (farming committee) |
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Term
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Definition
Noncoerice forms of actions- law that does involve legal sanctions or penalties, rewards, or deprivations, depends on acceptance by those effected.
Inspection- (fire marshal, food and drug adn)
Incensing- radio licence
Loans, subsidies, benefits- small business loan (aid from gov)
Contracts- government hiring private companies
General expenditures- Adm has expenditure set by congress
Market and proprietary operations- purchase and sales of government securities (borrow money)
Taxation- serve to sanction or encourage
Direct power- giving agencies power over private parties
Service- info, advice, medical treatment, ect. (veteran affairs)
informal procedures - (settling out before going to court)
Voluntary regulation- companies regulating themselves without policy
Sanctions- devices, penalties, rewards agencies use to encourage or compel compliance |
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Term
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Definition
a. chief executive- (in charge)
b. congressional oversight: committess and subcommittees, chairs, committee staffs, and members of congress (very sporadic and fragmented)
c.courts
d. other adm agencies competition or overlapping
e. interest groups
f. media - role in shaping public opinion favorably or unfavorably towards agency, specialized media |
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Term
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Definition
a. Cause for compliance; respect for authority reasoned and conscious acceptance, legitimate and made by official with authority to do so, benefits a self-interst, possibility of punishment, corresponds with length of time they are in effect
b. cause of noncompliance; conflict of law and morality, selective disobedience of the law, one's associated and group membership, money, ambiguity with the law and lack of clarity, conflicting policy standard, failure to communication, difficulty in complying with the law |
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Term
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Definition
| are examples of policy outputs compared to policy outcomes |
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Term
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Definition
thing actually done by agencies in pursuance of policy decisions an statements
Examples (amount of taxes collected, amount of highways built, welfare benefits paid,etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Consequence of society, intended and unintended, that stem from deliberate governmental action or inaction |
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Term
| When looking at policy impact. |
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Definition
a. outputs vs. outcome
b. target population (groups policy is intended for)
c. externalities (people that the policy was suppose to effect but does)
d.future v current consequences (whether the consequences of the future will differ from the current and are the future consequences worth the current
e. cost to government and individuals- government is fairly easy to calculate, factors i the budget, individuals harder (would be out of pocket)
f. Indirect, direct, and opportunity cost- what is the difference and how are they measured
g. symbolic benefits vs. material benefits (symbolic- ideologically or social satisfying benefits) (material- can be measured, tangible benefits)
d. |
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Term
| policy impact- Indirect, direct, and opportunity cost |
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Definition
indirect- when policies cause reduced production, higher prices, or mental anguish or distress
Direct- government cost, private expenditures that are necessary in order to comply with public polices
opportunity- focus attention on what one has to give up or what one will gain if resources are used for one purpose rather than another |
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Term
| process of evaluations vs. systematic evaluation |
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Definition
process of evaluations- observations
systematic evaluation- social science methodology to measure to societal effect of polices or programs than extent to which they are achieving their goals |
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Term
| Policy evaluation- types of research design |
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Definition
Experimental- two comparable groups are randomly selected from the target population. the experimental groups receives treatment through the policy, and the control group does not. The results give a tangible product of the policy
Quasi-experimental- the two groups are not randomly selected- the treatment group is compared to a group that is similar in many respects
Before and after- a program compares the results of policy after a period of implementation with the conditions existing prior to its inception |
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Term
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Definition
a. think tanks- private groups
b. congressional oversight- integral part of almost everything congress does
c.government accountability office- board statutory authority to audit the operation and financial activities of federal agencies, to evaluate their program and report to congress
d.presidential commission- can be set up to evaluate a policy or gov management in some area or for other purposes such as fact finding, make policy recommendation or creating the appearance of presidential concern
e. administrative agencies- use formative and summative evaluation to determine how their program are working |
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Term
| Problems with policy evaluation |
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Definition
-Uncertainly over policy goals
-difficulty in determining causality - did a policy cause a societal change
-diffuse policy impact-policy impacted a non target group
- difficulties in data acquisition
- official resistance
- a limited time perspective
- evaluation lacks influence |
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Term
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Definition
steps-
1. one identifies all of the effects of consequences of a policy and categorizes them as cost or benefits for various groups
2. Dollar value are placed on various cost and befits
3.a discount rates is applied to equate the value or present and future effects
4. the cost and benefits, direct and indirect, current and future, of the policy are compared. if the benefits exceed the cost the policy is accepted.
Problems- is open to manipulation to support the values and preferences of its users |
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