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| competition, self-interest and minimizing cost |
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| values, chooses what will least hurt the privileged |
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| used for the irrationalities that are given to policy by politics |
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| comparing two things that are alike |
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| having more than one possible meaning, vague |
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| Decisions or plans designed to impact favorably the key factors on which the desired outcome of an organization, game, system, venture, or war, depends. |
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| to describe by labeling or giving a name to; classify |
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| they describe the world in an abstract manner that implies their object. They can tell us how much something weighs, but not the unit of measurement; i.e. Maybelline go measure an elephant (volume, surface mass, color hue) |
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| normative leaps, implies a need for action; surveys |
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| most output for a given input |
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| intervening agents, brainwashed people, machines that perform as designed but cause harm |
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| oppression, conspiracies that work, programs that work as intended but cause harm |
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| nature, weather, earthquakes, machines that run amok; realm of fate i.e. lottery, bad health |
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| intervening conditions, unforeseen side effects, avoidable ignorance, carelessness, omission |
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| a false notion of the doctrine that phenomena are guided not only by mechanical forces but that they also move toward certain goals of self-realization |
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| complex systems (social system=complex), institutional (social problem caused by web of large organizations with behavior patterns), historical (social patterns reproduce themselves) |
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| things that people believe affect them "taking an interest" |
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| those affects that impinge on people rather they are regardless of them or not "having an interest" |
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| to assemble the community's concerns |
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| major obstacle to interest mobilization; in this groups will be able to mobilize only if they can offer selective benefits to people who join- benefits that are individual/exclusive. Type of interests that are most likely to get activated will satisfy individual wants. |
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| The cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision. |
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| Diffused benefits=Social security (payroll taxes spread out over millions of employees), homeowner mortgage deductions; concentrated benefits=taxicab medallions, state mandated health insurance benefits, veteran's benefits |
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| Diffused benefits=food and drug regulation,environmental regulation, auto safety reg. Concentrated benefits=union-management bargaining, hospitals vs Health insurance companies, cable companies vs telecommunications companies |
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| Social Security (diffused costs; diffuse benefits=pensions, survivor benefits, and disability rewards to millions of people) |
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| Diffused benefits=taxicab medallions, state mandated health insurance benefits, veteran's benefits; Concentrated benefits= union-management bargaining, hospitals vs Health insurance companies, cable companies vs telecommunications companies |
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| interests that can be fulfilled with individualistic, divisible, material means will triumph over those that must be filled with collective, shared, and non material means |
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| actors' attempt to influence the existing distribution of power |
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| not determined by policy issues; good weak interests (collective, diffused, broad) vs strong bad interests (individualistic, concentrated, narrow) |
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| interests that are regarded as morally equal may be seen as politically unequal |
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| measuring the worth of a product or person (dollars and lives) |
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| presenting an issue in a way that will likely get the most agreement from others |
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| a measure of magnitude weighted by a probability factor |
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| caring mainly about one value in a problem |
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| the promise that if you go through the process of analysis you will get a definite answer |
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| something that induces, motivates, or persuades; incentive |
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| inducements alter the consequence of individual actions so that what is good for the community is good for the individual |
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| political creatures trying to change the rules to get out of trouble |
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| "pf behavior" essential form of social coordination; indirect commands that work over time |
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| the quality of being perceived as good and right by those whose behavior they are meant to control; legitimacy binds rule-follower to rule-maker |
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| constitution born of colonial rebellion and the need for order |
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| people fight with rules about rules |
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| like cases will be treated alike, provide predictability, insulate people from the whims, prejudices, and moods of officials; cannot be sensitive to individuals; symbolize the rule of law |
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| ensure fairness by allowing sensitivity to contextual and individual differences, allows officials to respond creatively to new situations, creating efficiency by letting officials use their knowledge of particular situations, symbolize ideals and aspirations of the community, which are necessarily vague |
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