Term
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Definition
| Total infant deaths/live births |
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Term
| Causes of infant mortality |
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Definition
- congenital malformation (birth defect)
- low birth weight or premature
-sudden infant death syndrome.
Number one cause of all of these causes is SMOKING. |
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Term
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Definition
Multi-billion dollar project that looked at areas such as food safety, oral health, cancer, kidney disease and set goals of increasing healthcare and intervening in many other areas of health.
• 15% of goals were accomplished in 10 years
• 44% got moving in the right direction
• 15% moving in the wrong direction
• Found that there are significantly growing disparities in healthcare. Issues of fetal loss, health care, gender, people who go to college all have widening gaps of disparity |
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Term
| Depression in different countries |
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Definition
| lata/ psycho-somatic- mimicking/pantomiming something someone’s doing (someone killed a baby by throwing it) Not recognized as a disease in our society and don't see symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
o Defined based on race, geographical location, population density, race-specific county level per-capita income, homicide rate
All Americas tend to use Health care services about equally, so it is not necessarily a problem of access. Across all Americas, men take less advantage of healthcare. |
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Term
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Definition
| The original name for HIV |
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Term
| Why do we need different HIV vaccines? |
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Definition
o Has own differentiation in individual bodies
o Differences so can treat at risk (pregnancies, people with heart conditions) |
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Term
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Definition
in 2003 Bush signed PEPFR, which allocated funding to HIV/AIDs in Africa.
o It is not going towards the most effective issues, such as preventing women from passing it onto their children
o Problem: Bush/ congress didn’t include provision to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies over prices. |
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Term
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Definition
Hemophiliac that kicked out of school for having HIV (got it though a blood transfusion- before they had screening for blood)
Ryan White Act - provides HIV treatment to people who cannot afford it. However, still 65% of people in the world with HIV don’t have access |
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Term
| Main things People with Aids die from |
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Definition
| Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis, and Fever |
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Term
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Definition
nip it in the bud, be at the population level (not worried about who has symptoms)
• PREPs (pre-exposure prophylactics) – people who identify as at risk. The government gives them ARVs to lower the possibility that they will get HIV |
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Term
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Definition
| Addressing people that already have symptoms (ARVS – Very Expensive, Obstetrics- use ARVs for pregnant women) |
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Term
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Definition
• Advanced Disease
• Patients
• Treating OIs (Opportunistic Infections) |
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Term
| Cause of Rise in Health Care Cost |
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Definition
| Many of the people taking prescription drugs are also on Medicare (retired) |
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Term
| Directly Observed Therapy (DOTS) |
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Definition
o Person comes and makes sure that you take your drugs, makes treatment adherence effective. Talks about social, financial issues and figures out underlying issues.
o DOTs has led to 50% less hospitalization and 50% shorter hospital stays
o Farmer calls this Accompaniment. People being human together. Talk about things effecting a person besides the main symptom. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of paul farmer's patients. Had toxicity in his brain, Depression and HIV. dealt with the major symptom at hand - gave 25 prescription drugs for toxoplasmosis but no ARV or anything for depression. |
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Term
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Definition
- Jewish French Philosopher
- Ethics defined by the I and the Thou where they exist on horizontal plain
- Other is the most high – to care for the other is that you’re not expecting something in return and not giving yourself an alibi |
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Term
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Definition
Direct
-Std, blood transfusion, mosquito related, tropical diseases (yellow fever, malaria)
Indirect
-Airborne (flu, pneumonia) or waterborne (ex. Cholera)
Vertical
-Mother to child
-Locust of care becomes locust of disease
-Organic |
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Term
| Most common types of diseases in US |
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Definition
1. Airborne (common cold=highest prevalence)
2. Bloodborne
3. Waterborne/Foodborne |
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Term
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Definition
o Disability adjusted life year
What does it mean to put a number to a disability?
o Years lived with disability (YLD)
o i (weight of disability)
o LE (life expectancy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave people loans and built highways so that people would move into the suburbs. African Americans did not have access to this bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Registering and regulating levels of toxicity and standards for toxicity, environmental health group along with the EPA- environmental production agency- manages environmental levels and problems |
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Term
| Federal Public Health Spending (non-medical) |
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Definition
-Government spends much less on public health than overall health and this gap has become much larger over the years. Now about 1% spend on prevention.
-Prevention spending was at 71% federal, 29% local, has dropped to 28% (federal). |
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Term
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Definition
| split up the U.S. into eight regions based off of socioeconomic features, race, location, and population. Compare these eight to see where there are major discrepancies and why these occur. |
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Term
| Department of Health and Human Services |
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Definition
| Huge budget. Largest grant making agency in the world. Designates priorities for public health, driving what research gets done |
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Term
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Definition
| People who think that immunizations and vaccinations pose health risks or aren’t effective. Sometimes also believe the diseases aren’t common or severe enough for vaccines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects against measles, mumps and rubella. Has been thought to cause autism in children. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tobacco was very under-regulated before the 1980s when research about the effects of second-hand smoke came out and it became an issue of harming innocent bystanders rather than a personal choice. Tobacco is a model of how to monitor environmental health. Raising taxes on tobacco is the best way to get people to stop smoking. Stewardesses filed a lawsuit against tobacco industry to have a clean workplace, passed. |
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Term
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Definition
| US department of agriculture. Subsidizes certain foods, deciding which foods are cheaper. Responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities and end hunger in the United States and abroad. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sub-agency of DHHS. Funds public health research. Most highly funded sub-agency of the DHHS |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly Observed Therapy. Person comes and makes sure that you take your drugs, makes treatment adherence effective. Talks about social, financial issues and figures out underlying issues. DOTs has led to 50% less hospitalization and 50% shorter hospital stays. Farmer calls this Accompaniment. People being human together. Talk about things affecting a person besides the main symptom. |
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Term
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Definition
| don’t want to be seen in public taking drugs because then put family at risk for the death penalty. Leads to MDRTB and XDRTB. Puts kids at higher risk for vertical transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| Mosquito nets are soaked in insecticide (known as dawa in Tanzania). Many people think that any kind of dawa is poison, so people are spreading out their nets outside in the shade to dry after treatment even though it destroys the insecticide and reduces the potency of the insecticide. |
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Term
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Definition
| fever and severe bleeding; found in humans and monkeys, outbreaks as late as 1995. Outbreak in Zaire, Africa in 1976 – the entire hospital and most of the area around it had to be quarantined. 67% mortality rate. Still don’t know the cause. |
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Term
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Definition
Disease adjusted life years. A way to measure morbidity. Each disease has a different DALY. Idea that you can attach a number to a person’s suffering.
• Years lived with disability (YLD)
• i (weight of disability)
• LE (life expectancy) |
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Term
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Definition
| One’s ability to perform a specific behavior (in this case taking medication consistently). Not about self-esteem or confidence. |
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Term
| Co-morbidity (e.g., mental health co- morbidity) |
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Definition
| Suffering from two things is more than just the symptoms of the two added together. They make each other worse. For example, having an STD, makes it more likely you will get HIV. |
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Term
| Epidemiology of accidents and injuries |
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Definition
| which groups are at risk, what causes these accidents/injuries? Overlap between alcohol use and car accidents. Injuries are mostly infants, old people, disabled people, and pregnant people. Injuries and accidents are the 5th leading cause of disease burden globally and in the U.S. most common injury/accident comes from falling |
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Term
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Definition
| accidents are the most common cause of death/injury worldwide. Seat belts/helmets, speed limits, alcohol policies, age requirements and licensing, road construction and safety policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| men are 4x more likely to die from firearms. Owning a firearm makes it much more likely one will commit suicide. More than 2/3 of firearm deaths are homicides, 1/3 suicides, 1/3 of U.S. households possess firearms. Political powers forbade the CDC for funding promotions for gun control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In countries with AIDS and other infectious diseases, members of the working class are especially affected, causing the population to have a gap in terms of citizens that are this age. This means that there are a disproportionate amount of elderly and youth with no one to take care of them. |
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Term
| Epidemiological transition |
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Definition
| Theory that there has been phase of development with a sudden growth in population growth rates because of better medicine and decreases in fertility. |
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Term
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Definition
1967/1985 studies on work, stress, and health. Showed that there was higher mortality in lower grade employment ranks, and there were many whose health problems couldn’t be attributed to lack of health care access. Lower employment rank had higher heart disease when controlling for age and behavior, stress associated with job control and workplaces with low social support and low reward.
Myth dispelled that only male bosses get heart attacks, and there are dynamic relationships between social environment, physiology, and psychology. Stress is complex. |
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Term
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Definition
| the exposure level or dose of an agent above which toxicity or adverse health effects can occur, and below which toxicity or adverse health effects are unlikely. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the mid 1970s Love Canal became the subject of national and international attention after it was revealed in the press that the site had formerly been used to bury 21,000 tons of toxic waste. The construction efforts of housing development, combined with particularly heavy rainstorms, released the chemical waste, leading to a public health emergency and an urban planning scandal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Environmental health problem. Banned because it caused lung scarring and cancer. Used for buildings. |
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Term
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Definition
| British public health physician, studied coal miners in Britain with epidemiology. Conducted first study to look at workplace as a public health component. 1807-1883. Founder of environmental public health. |
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Term
| Risk and Hazard Assessment |
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Definition
| 1. Hazard identification, what health effects are caused? 2. Dose response relationship, is there a safe level of exposure? 3. Exposure assessment, how much are people exposed? 4. Risk characterization, what is the extra risk of the population? |
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Term
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Definition
| What levels of a chemical are toxic and what levels are safe. There is a threshold for dosage, below which the chemical is safe and above which chemical is unsafe. Some chemicals have a linear dose response, others have a non linear dose response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Source of pollution in environment, enters system through ingestion, lead paint, and in utero. Lead exposure can slow child development and cause learning and behavioral problems. Government recommends all kiddies get screening. |
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Term
| General Health Questionnaire |
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Definition
Set of questions used to gage levels of stress, but doesn’t identify causes. Way to view psychology epidemiologically. Limited in international use.
DSM-IV |
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Term
| Four filters of mental health |
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Definition
| Population level (no filter), attention and primary care (schools) is 23 percent, specialized mental health services, hospitalization. |
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Term
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Definition
Gun control, school and workplace surveillance, clinical care and medication, housing and family stability, social support. Suicide is second highest cause of death globally, right behind car accidents (for men) and cancer (for women).
Inpatient vs. outpatient psychiatric care: Inpatient accounts for 85% of costs, and only 1% of population uses it. |
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Term
| Public Health Service (PHS) |
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Definition
| Larger cities have more public health services. There is a correspondence between population and quality/quantity of public health services. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mid life deterioration of the brain, on set between 30 and 50. Psychiatric issues that lead to death, child has 50% chance of disease if parent has the gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method of PH prevention. Screening for genetic disorders can cause parents to seek abortions. Screening before birth can also sometimes result in curing disease early on/preemptively. |
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Term
| Prenatal exposure to disease |
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Definition
| Vertical transmission. Mothers not taking care of their bodies if they have a disease or contracting a disease while pregnant can result in the baby being in danger of impacted health. |
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Term
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Definition
| Successful government campaign to decrease pollution. Can be considered an environmental public health intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also a governmental measure, must meet federal standards. Often there is not enough room for them. Contributes to overall health of population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Years of potential life lost. Used in calculating DALYs. Estimate of the average years a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dramatic increase in poisoning fatalities as a result of legal and illegal drugs, much of it likely to be blamed on recreational use of prescription drugs. Need for safety regulation of opiods by drug enforcement agency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Threat in terms of suicide as well as homicide and violence in general. Regulation/ elimination of firearms is a public health measure because it reduces gun caused injuries and deaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traumatic brain injuries. Major cause of mortality and disease worldwide. Half of them are caused by car accidents. Other causes include falling and violence |
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Term
| Natural vs. manmade/technological disasters |
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Definition
| Natural disasters include tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc. Manmade/technological disasters include bridge collapses, car accidents, nuclear power plants, industrial explosions. Public health intervenes in both kinds of disasters, but can more easily prevent manmade disasters as they are more predictable and we have more control over them, whereas natural disasters require more public health intervention after the fact. Some natural disasters more predictable than others. |
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Term
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Definition
| NYC Office of emergency management. First responders to 9/11 attacks. For 9/11 problems were related to coordination, because OEM headquarters were damaged due to their proximity to the world trade center. Communication was destroyed between different aspects of OEM. |
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Term
| APHA’s list of problems likely to occur in a disaster |
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Definition
| Environmental hazards (contamination of air, water, or food), exposure to toxic chemicals, and injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| We are not at all prepared for bioterrorism. Everyone thinks bioterrorism is unlikely, but it is more likely now than ever before. In short term, we need to know how to cope with it, and in long term we need to be able to detect, diagnose, characterize, and respond appropriately to bio weapon use. Most pathogens used as bio-weapons first cause fly-like symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires monitoring and regulation by the EPA of six common air pollutants known to be hazardous to health and the environment. |
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Term
| Main source of Air Pollution |
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Definition
• Particulates (smoke, soot, ash)
• Sulfur dioxide (coal combustion)
• Carbon monoxide
• Nitrogen Oxides (smog)
• Ozone
• Lead |
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Term
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Definition
| deaths concentrated in short age range among the elderly population, especially in the 20th century. |
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Term
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Definition
| While diseases are prevalent among all age groups, they’re not as disabling until you’re older. This is extremely important for Medicare issues |
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Term
| Medicare, Medicaid and the ‘Medi-gap’ |
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Definition
| Medicare is for people 65+ or under 65 with physical disabilities. Medicaid is supposed to serve poor people, especially poor children, but is actually used for elderly health care that is not covered by Medicare. Medigap exists to cover the difference or "gap" between the expenses reimbursed by Medicare and the total amount charged |
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Term
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Definition
| Older people – more aggressive care is not necessarily better for the population in general. We spend too much on old people, not enough resources for younger people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set national goals that all lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable and that all pollutant discharge should be eliminated. Requires pretreatment of industrial waste that is discharged into sewers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires the EPA to set standards for local drinking water systems and requires states to enforce these standards. Ineffective. EPA has been lax in enforcing laws and states have not been following them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is an infection of the small intestine with the parasite Cryptosporidium that causes diarrhea. Its major impact has been among those with weakened immune systems, including: HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients. |
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Term
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Definition
| younger women and older women are more likely to have these. Primary prevention for high risk pregnant women. Secondary prevention. Identifying women at risk of giving birth too early and reducing their risk. Social problem rather than a health problem. |
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Term
| Sylvatic (Jungle) Yellow Fever |
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Definition
• Africa and South America
• Most prevalent in mosquitos, but not in humans. Multiple mosquito species. |
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Term
| Savannah (intermediate) Yellow Fever |
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Definition
• Africa only
• Most common human transmission |
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Term
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Definition
• Africa only.
• Mosquito evolved to become more resilient to urban settings. Living in urban areas does not reduce risk of yellow fever but does reduce risk of malaria. |
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Term
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Definition
| in terms of mental health, why are poor groups more likely to have mental health disorders? because they are poor they are exposed to worse conditions, causes the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| The disorder causes you to be in a certain socioeconomic class. |
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Term
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Definition
| subagency of DHHS monitors levels of toxicity in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| corporatization of water as a resource, making people believe that water is better bottled |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a big disparity between large and small states in their ability to regulate public health policies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement of ethical principals for human subject |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 generations - found relationship between cholesterol and heart disease, BMI. More men have heart disease than women. Still going on. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Car accidents
2. Opiates/Poisoning
3. Firearms |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Stroke
4. Respirator Disease
5. Unintentional injuries (car accidents) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
1. Heart Disease
2. Infectious Disease
3. Cancer
4. Respiratory Disease
5. Unintentional Injuries/ Accidents
9. Mental and Neurological disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| William Farr - study on coal miners. Said there had to be open space for people to breathe, make sure employees are happy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study about correlation between income, equality, etc in US. More likely to die sooner from preventable disease if in minority, lower socioeconomic group. The city allocates more money to richer citizens, because thats what they expect |
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Term
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Definition
key to effective control - unify national planning, access to prevention and care, inclusive social environment for
Stigma is a huge barrier to effective action |
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Term
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Definition
| measures that need to be taken to combat AIDS. tools needed to combat AIDS already exist, just matters if were going to take the steps. Lower priorities = greater impacts |
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Term
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Definition
| develop white film in your throat that makes it difficult to breathe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Control of measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria |
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Term
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Definition
| Schizophrenia is treated much better in developing countries where it is not as stigmatized. Less institutionalization. 50% in US will be diagnosed with mental health disorder in lifetime. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determining whether someone will be willing to change their behavior. Is the threat severe? Am i vulnerable? WIll this be effective? |
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Term
| Transtheoretical Model for Psychological Behavior |
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Definition
| Mental steps a person takes to determine if they should adopt a healthier behavior. Pre-contemplation- unaware. Consciousness-consideration. Preparation - prepare self to take action. Maintenance. |
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Term
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Definition
-Weed killer/pesticide
-number one contaminant of water, demasculanizing fish. |
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Term
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Definition
-Strives to attack behavior at interpersonal level
-Knowledge of health risks
-Benefits of change (taking medication will make you feel better)
-Self-efficacy |
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