Term
| Public Health Model (4 steps) |
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Definition
1. Define the problem
2. Identify Risk & Protective Factors
3. Develop and test prevention strategies
4. Assure widespread conditions |
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Definition
| clear definition of an infection or disease that includes the person, place, and time |
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Term
| Steps in planning a surveillance system |
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Definition
1. establish objectives
2. develop case definitions
3. determine data source or collection mechanism
4. develop data collection instruments
5. field-test methods
6. develop analytic approach
7. develop dissemination mechanism
8. evaluate surveillance system |
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Definition
| patterns of disease within or across defined populations |
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Definition
| factors that influence the prevention, occurrence, control, and outcome of disease |
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| rate at which new cases occur during a defined period |
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| measures the proportion of individuals who develop the disease within a defined period (risk for an average population member) |
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| actual disease frequency for a population |
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Definition
| crude rates for subgroups |
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| adjusted/standardized rates |
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Definition
| computed to remove effect of certain variables to allow for meaningful comparison (either compare category-specific rates or adjust crude rates) |
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Term
| experimental study designs |
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Definition
randomized controlled trial
group randomized trial |
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Term
| observational study designs |
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Definition
cohort
case-control
cross-sectional |
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Term
| quasi-experimental study designs |
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Definition
| pre-test or post-test with odds ratio without external controls |
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Definition
| correlates disease rates with specific characteristics based on aggregate data within or across populations |
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Definition
| inappropriate conclusions regarding exposure-disease relationships |
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Definition
| detailed clinical description of the characteristics of a new disease or impaired condition in a single patient |
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| a collection of case reports that focus on patients with the same disease |
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Definition
| qualitative, dependent on observer, can be used to generate but not test hypotheses, looking for overall themes |
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Definition
(a*d)/(b*c)
a reliable estimate of RR if outcome <10% |
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Definition
aka prevalence ratio
(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d)) |
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Definition
excess risk attributable to exposure
(a/(a+b))-(c/(c+d)) |
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Term
| attributable risk percent |
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Definition
| proportion of disease attributable to exposure ((CIe-CIu)/CIe) x 100% |
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Term
| population attributable risk |
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Definition
| estimate of the excess risk in the total population attributable to exposure CIt-CIu=PAR |
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Definition
| exposures/risk factors that collectively produce an effect |
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Definition
| minimal set of exposures to inevitably produce an effect |
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Definition
| an exposure that is required for occurrence of the effect and whose presence is always followed by the effect |
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Term
| Hill Criteria of causation |
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Definition
| time sequence, strength of association, dose-response (biological gradient), consistency upon repetition |
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Definition
| a disease is constantly present in a geographic area or population |
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Definition
| occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or propagated source |
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| epidemic of disease spreading throughout the human population across the globe |
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Definition
| propensity for transmission |
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Definition
| propensity for an agent to cause disease/clinical symptoms |
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| propensity for an agent to cause severe disease (degree of pathogenicity) |
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| airborne, vehicle-born (water or fomite), vector-borne |
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Definition
| percentage of new cases resulting in deaths |
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Definition
| percentage of deaths among pop at risk |
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Definition
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Definition
| decreased probability that a group will develop an epidemic because proportion of immune individuals reduces chance of contact between infected and susceptible persons |
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Definition
| exposure of a group of susceptible individuals continuously or intermittently to a common harmful source (gradual rise) |
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Definition
| exposure period relatively brief, all cases occur within one incubation period, up then gradually downward |
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| exposure to a pathogen that is transferred person-person; last longer with multiple waves of infection |
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| single, common exposure followed by propagative spread |
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Definition
a set of specific, measurable objectives with targets to be achieved over the decade
number of topic areas has grown from 15 to 39 |
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Definition
criteria for a good research question
Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant |
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Definition
| lab>clinical study>health care practices |
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Term
| sections of an academic paper |
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Definition
abstract
intro
methods
results
discussion
references |
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Definition
| author submits manuscript to journal, received by editor, if approved then researchers are selected to approve manuscript, if each reviewer accepts a deadline is set for reviews, editor receives reviews, author receives reviews and decision (accepted/revise/rejected) |
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Definition
| reviewer identity hidden from author |
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Definition
| author and reviewer identities hidden (Sokal affair) |
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Definition
| any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in an inaccurate estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease |
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Definition
| due to systematic differences in characteristics between those selected for a study and those not |
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Definition
| a flaw in measuring exposure or outcome data that can result in inaccurate information for comparison of study subjects; reduced by good instruments and training |
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| distorts relative risk, occurs when other risk factors are not evenly distributed between study populations |
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Definition
| cannot determine causality, only positive or negative relationship |
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Definition
| exposure and outcome simultaneously, cannot determine causality, use Odds Ratio |
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Definition
| retrospective, select cases and controls, determine exposure, can determine causality, odds ratio |
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Definition
| prospective, select pop at risk, follow to identify outcome/no outcome, can determine causality, relative risk |
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Term
| randomized controlled trial |
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Definition
| prospective, select pop at risk, randomize exposure, follow to identify outcome, can determine causality, relative risk |
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Term
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Definition
| process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected |
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| variation in variables that naturally occurs when selecting a sample |
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| each individual has an equal chance of being selected |
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| identified subgroups are represented in the same proportions as in the population |
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| randomly selecting intact groups |
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| taking whoever is easily available |
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| selecting based on some experience or knowledge; most qualitative research samples |
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| gathering individuals based on defined characteristics and quotas |
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Definition
| dose-response; permit study of the effect of different levels of exposure |
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Definition
| participants similar in exposure, perspective, outlook |
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| selecting those that meet a pre-defined characteristic |
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| selecting individuals who can identify others who would be good for the study |
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Term
| random purposive sampling |
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Definition
| randomly selecting participants when purposively selected subjects are too numerous |
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Definition
| children, wards of the state, students, employees, prisoners, pregnant women, mentally-handicapped |
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Term
| types of qualitative research |
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Definition
| participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, document analysis |
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Definition
| determine knowledge barriers before finalizing an intervention |
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| providing detailed info including transcripts, notes, photos, etc. |
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Definition
| point at which, if one continued collecting data, no new major themes would be identified |
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Definition
| using quantitative and qualitative methods together |
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