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Public Health Final
Healllth yeah
92
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Eight Americas
Definition
study of a variety of racial and geographically differentiated groups comparing life expectancy; more than 21 years of difference between Asian-Americans and poor black
Term
Typhoid Mary
Definition
asymptomatic carrier; NY maid who spread typhoid to a number of families she worked for
Term
DALY
Definition
disability-adjusted life year (YLD[LE-age])*i
Term
CDC
Definition
the main assessment and epidemiological agency for the nation, directly serving the population as well as providing assistance to states and localities
Term
FDA
Definition
federal agency that ensures the safety and nutritious value of the food supply; evaluates all new drugs, food additives, and colorings; and regulates medical devices, vaccines, diagnostic tests, animal drugs, and cosmetics
Term
NIH
Definition
primary federal agency for biomedical research; provides grants to biomedical scientists at universities and research centers
Term
drug resistance
Definition
when a person is carrying a strain of a disease that can no longer be treated effectively using a particular drug
Term
drug adherence
Definition
a person's choice or ability to consistently take medication and comply with a treatment plan for a particular illness
Term
ebola virus
Definition
fever and severe bleeding from various orifices; extremely lethal and usually quarantined, infects monkeys as well as humans

huge outbreak in 1976: 67% mortality rate and still unknown cause; quarantine after 11/17 hospital staff die & dozens of patients
Term
Legionnaire's Disease
Definition
bacterial disease from air conditioning that infected a lot of dudes in 1976
Term
Mosquito Nets
Definition
treatment plan for malaria but not effective because difficult to set up and there are issues with adherence
Term
MDRTB
Definition
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; resurged as a co-morbidity with HIV and also propagated by people who don't adhere to their medication
Term
DOTS
Definition
directly-observed therapy; outreach workers travel to patients' homes, workplaces, street corners, park benches, etc. to make sure the patient is taking their medicine
Term
critics of vaccination
Definition
believe they cause autism, SIDS (especially MMR); wealthy parents relying on "herd immunity," problematic because it discourages investment in the development of new vaccines
Term
MMR
Definition
measles-mumps-rubella vaccine
Term
USDA
Definition
US Department of Agriculture
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
the sense of having control over one's life
Term
vector
Definition
medium through which disease is transmitted
Term
host
Definition
the organism from which a parasite receives its nutrition and/or shelter
Term
agent
Definition
the organism who contains and transmits the disease
Term
structural violence
Definition
a form of violence where some social structure or social institution purportedly harms people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs
Term
mechanical transmission
Definition
when the vector picks up the infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner
Term
biological transmission
Definition
vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver them to new hosts in an active manner, like through a bite
Term
Surgeon General's Report of 1964
Definition
"Smoking and Health": first authoritative statement from the federal government that smoking caused cancer and other life-threatening diseases, had a significant impact on the prevalence of smoking int he US which began to decline for the first time after 1964
Term
Health Belief Model
Definition
assumes people act in rational ways, public health approach to changing behavior would be to convince people that they are vulnerable, that the threat is severe, and that certain actions are effective prevention methods
Term
Transtheoretical Model
Definition
model that envisions change as a process involving progress through a series of five stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
Term
Ecological Model of Health Behavior
Definition
describes five levels of influence, starting with intrapersonal and then four interpersonal factors (interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy)
Term
intermediary host
Definition
a host that only harbors the parasite for a short period of time and then transfers it
Term
dawa
Definition
insecticide in which malaria nets are soaked (but is a term that refers to a number of Western items)
Term
intervention study
Definition
basic, case-control study with an experimental and a control group
Term
cohort study
Definition
when a large number of people are tracked over time, subjects choose their own exposures
Term
Nurses' Health Study
Definition
120,000 married female nurses since 1976 for factors associated with breast cancer; interviewed every 2 years; RR 1.5 if using oral contraceptives, 1.1-1.4 with regular alcohol consumption
Term
confounding
Definition
relationships between variables distort the actual link between risk factors and disease
Term
selection bias
Definition
bias in the way you recruit participants for a study
Term
reporting bias
Definition
bias on the part of the informant
Term
Framingham Study
Definition
4-generation study of heart disease and risk factors by NIH in Framingham, Mass.; has shown a relationship between HDL (good) cholesterol and heart disease, BMI and mortality
Term
Whitehall study
Definition
study of British civil servants, all had equal healthcare access but much higher levels of stress in lower grade employment ranks; social support and feeling of reward important; higher job security=less chronic stress response; dispelled myths that only CEOs get heart attacks
Term
DSM-IV
Definition
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders; creates categories and definitions-how do these apply across cultures??
Term
General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12)
Definition
basic survey of 12 questions used to assess mental health conditions
Term
Co-morbidity
Definition
experiencing 2 diseases at once, often having one makes one more susceptible to the other
Term
Four Filters of Mental Health
Definition
0. Population
1. Attention in Primary Care
2. Specialized Mental Health Services
3. Hospitalization
4. Psychiatric Inpatient
Term
inpatient vs. outpatient care
Definition
inpatient care is very expensive and can also result in alienation and segregation (think Girl Interrupted); now outpatient pharmaceutical treatment and talk therapy are being emphasized
Term
suicide prevention
Definition
clinical care and medication; social support; job, housing, and family stability; gun control (and access); school and workplace surveillance
Term
motor vehicle safety
Definition
leading cause of death 15-34 and 1-24 in US and world; most common injury-cause of death worldwide; responsible for 50% of spinal cord injuries
Term
William Farr
Definition
studied British coal miners, found they had higher rates of cancer, first look at occupational health and safety issues
Term
threshold
Definition
the level at which a substance has been proven to be harmful to health
Term
Epidemiology of Accidents and injuries
Definition
5th leading cause of death and 4th leading cause of morbidity; falls make up 37% of these (elderly, pregnant, young)
Term
Secondhand smoke
Definition
studies in the 1980s showed continuous and acute exposure are both harmful; public sympathetic because affected were seen as "victims"
Term
Lead
Definition
major danger for those under 5 years; inhalation/ingestion/water/in-utero; found in paint, toys, pipes, affects all income levels
Term
DHHS
Definition
Department of Health and Human Services; encompasses the NIH, FDA, CDC, EPA, IHS
Term
IHS
Definition
Indian Health Service; provides health care to Native Americans but significantly underfunded
Term
YPLL
Definition
years of potential life lost
Term
opioids and poisoning
Definition
opioids leading to much accidental poisoning death when followed by cocaine and heroin; overdiagnoses in the 1990s
Term
firearms
Definition
leading cause of injury death in 8 states; RR increases when people own guns, precautions have been helpful, homicide rates are 2-4 times higher in the US than in other developed countries
Term
TBIs
Definition
traumatic brain injuries, more common in men, controversy in athletics about when to return because of increased repeat vulnerability
Term
OSHA
Definition
Occupational Safety and Health Administration: empowered to set standards, inspect workplaces, and impose penalties for workplace hazards
Term
Asbestos
Definition
mineral valuable for its strength and fire resistance; affects lungs of miner; carcinogen
Term
Occupational Health and Safety Act
Definition
empowered the federal government to set standards for workers' exposure to toxic substances
Term
Criteria air pollutants
Definition
six common air pollutants known to be harmful to health: particulates, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead
Term
Clean Air Act
Definition
established strict air quality standards, set limits on major pollutants, and mandated reduction of automobile and factory emissions
Term
main sources of air pollution
Definition
motor vehicles; industrial factories and power plants
Term
common indoor pollutants
Definition
tobacco smoke, other products of combustion, radon gas, consumer products (that release chemicals), formaldehyde, biological pollutants like bacteria and mold
Term
greenhouse effect
Definition
atmospheric carbon dioxide allows sunlight to enter and traps heat, leading to warmer temperatures at the earth's surface
Term
common water pollutants
Definition
microbial pathogens, chemicals, deposition from the air or runoff from the land
Term
Clean Water Act
Definition
set national goals that lakes and rivers should be "fishable" and "swimmable" and that all pollutant discharges should be eliminated; also assisted municipalities in building wastewater treatment facilities
Term
Safe Drinking Water Act
Definition
required the EPA to set standards for local water systems and mandated that states enforce the standards; uniform guideliens were set for drinking-water treatment and regular monitoring and testing were required
Term
Cryptosporidiosis
Definition
parasitic disease of the gastro-intestinal system that causes diarrhea, carried by a protozoa and found in New York City's water due to substandard septic tanks
Term
compliance
Definition
meeting standards and regulations set by PH organizations like the EPA
Term
sanitary landfills
Definition
waste must be confined in a sealed area; take up a lot of space
Term
reduce, reuse, recycle
Definition
approach to conservation and prevention of a disposal problem; biggest problem with recycling is that there is not a large market for recycled goods
Term
Love Canal
Definition
a housing area in Niagara Falls, NY in which more than 200 different chemicals in an abandoned industrial dump began to circulate and wreak horrible effects on the health of the citizens, had to evacuate and it was considered a Federal Disaster Area
Term
Clean Water Act
Definition
set national goals that lakes and rivers should be "fishable" and "swimmable" and that all pollutant discharges should be eliminated; also assisted municipalities in building wastewater treatment facilities
Term
Safe Drinking Water Act
Definition
required the EPA to set standards for local water systems and mandated that states enforce the standards; uniform guideliens were set for drinking-water treatment and regular monitoring and testing were required
Term
Cryptosporidiosis
Definition
parasitic disease of the gastro-intestinal system that causes diarrhea, carried by a protozoa and found in New York City's water due to substandard septic tanks
Term
compliance
Definition
meeting standards and regulations set by PH organizations like the EPA
Term
sanitary landfills
Definition
waste must be confined in a sealed area; take up a lot of space
Term
reduce, reuse, recycle
Definition
approach to conservation and prevention of a disposal problem; biggest problem with recycling is that there is not a large market for recycled goods
Term
Love Canal
Definition
a housing area in Niagara Falls, NY in which more than 200 different chemicals in an abandoned industrial dump began to circulate and wreak horrible effects on the health of the citizens, had to evacuate and it was considered a Federal Disaster Area
Term
compression of mortality
Definition
deaths are increasingly concentrated in a relatively short age range at about the biological limit of life span
Term
compression of morbidity
Definition
rates of chronic disease and disability concentrated in a relatively short age range at abou the biological limit of life span
Term
Medicare, Medicaid, and the "Medi-gap"
Definition
medicare is the federal program that pays medical bills for the elderly, but as their numbers increase they can't cover as much; some employers purchase "Medigap" insurance policies to cover the rest, the poor elderly have Medicaid
Term
Dartmouth study
Definition
examined geographic variations in end-of-life care and showed that a significant amount of Medicare spending is wasted; some are receiving too much care to little or negative effect
Term
natural vs. manmade/technological disasters
Definition
natural disasters are predictable and affect specific vulnerable areas; manmade/tech are generally unpredictable (ex. industrial explosions, bridge collapses, radioactive release)
Term
OEM
Definition
Office of Emergency Management; tried to coordinate rescue efforts during 9/11 but the building was severely damaged by the collapse of the north tower
Term
APHA's list of problems most likely to occur in a disaster
Definition
sharing information, resource management, warnings should be issued by mass media, warnings should be consistent and specific, search and rescue operations should track casualties, mass media should warn of public health risks post-disaster, triage, casualty distribution, tracking patients and survivors, establishing methods of care, management of volunteers and donations, expect the unexpected
Term
bioterrorism
Definition
terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents
Term
newborn screening
Definition
take a small blood sample to identify PKU, HIV, Tay-Sachs, CF
Term
Human Genome Project
Definition
aims to analyze the whole of human DNA and make a map of all human genes; knowing genes can potentially provide benefits in preventing disease and better treatments
Term
Huntington's disease
Definition
a single gene defect in which symptoms appear between the ages of 30 and 50. Over 10-20 years the disease progresses towards death with symptoms of involuntary movements, intellectual deterioration, and psychiatric disturbances; a test is available but most people choose not to know
Term
IMR
Definition
infant mortality rate: number of infant deaths within the first year of life for every 1,000 live births
Term
preterm birth
Definition
responsible for more infant deaths than are indicated; common in smokers, older/younger mothers
Term
HPV vaccine
Definition
prevents cervical cancer, affects 50% of people who will ever have sex, some parents think it will encourage promiscuity
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