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Public Health 160A
Public Health
117
Health Care
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2011

Additional Health Care Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Health Care
Definition
The prevention, treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health profession.
Term
Four phases of development of Health Care
Definition

1. Development of hospitals in 1850s

2. The introduction of scientific methods (1900s)

3. The growinging interest in the social and organizational structures of the heath care system (WWII)

4. Reorganization of the methods of financing and delivering care (1980) to restrict growth

Term
Hospital Developments
Definition

Started in 1850s
Symbolized the institutionalization of the health care system

Health care personnel and technology began to cluster

This brought centralization and order of the health care system. 

Term
Introduction of Scientific Method
Definition

Before this time, medicine was based on unproven generalitie and good experience

After 1900, medicine acquired a solid scientific base.

This was enhanced by the opening of the first medical school.

Term
Growing Interest in the Social and Organizational Structure
Definition

After WWII, major attention was directed towards financing the health care system.
Development of Blue Cross and Blue Shield health insurance plans

Rapid increase in power of the federal government

> NIH + Hill Burton Act 

Term
Hill Burton Act of 1946
Definition
No segregation; 4.5 beds per 1000 person
Term
NIH
Definition
In 1946, the research grant office was created to fund research
Term
Growing Interest in the Social and Organizational Structure
Definition
War on Poverty:  Health care is a right not a privilege.
Implementation of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965
Term
Reorganization of the methods of financing and delivering care
Definition

Before this phase, the health care system was assumed to be always growing and there is sufficient resources to support

 

Reimbursement policies from Medicare and private insurance forced hospitals to provide less for patients

 

Smaller size, greater efficiency and control of health care cost

 

Managed care started to expand

Term
Manage Care
Definition

Market Ecoomics

Organizations to provide reviews of the quality of patient care has emerged

Term
What were the advancements of the Health field from 1850s to 1900s?
Definition

Insulin discovery of management of chronic illnesses

Pernicious Anemia:  Deficiency of B12; dietary illness 

Penicillin:  Increased treatment for acute illness.  Many acute illnesses of the time arose from poor hyigene 
Obstetrics:  Increased woman's survival rate during birth 

Term
Fill in the blank:  Predominant concern became _____ because people are living longer
Definition
chronic illnesses
Term
Obesity treads among U.S. adults
Definition

the first epidemic to be clear and easy to track

60 millions adults are obese 1:3

The rate doubled since 1980

Term
Chronic Illness vs Acute Ilness
Definition

Chronic illness begins early in life long before clinical symptoms appears

Chronic illness not cured, it is managed.

Acute ilness has a clear cut beginning, middle, and an end.

> contamination of water, Polio

 

 

Term
So, what is going on?
Definition

Misconception of "Fat-Free" products

People confused fat-free labels

Low-carb diets (Atkins) are good ideas
Our culture makes it difficult to sit down

Bad nutrition is not eating a balenced diet 

Term
Importance of Education
Definition
Cannot be accomplished by a single lecture
Prevention must be long term
Term
Technology of the 1850s-1900
Definition

Recovery depended more on the patient than on the medication or the treatment

> Poorly trained physicians

-Apprentice
-Unsophicated medical college

-They offered only what is in the black bag

 

>Poorly trained nurses

-Religious group volunteers

-Frequent vistors to the institutions

-Assisting patients in a non-scientific way

 

>Poorly equipped hospitals

-Patients preferred to stay home

-Direct threat to patient 

Term
Obesity Classification
Definition
BMI: 30 or higher
Body fat:
Waist Circumference (associated with diabetes, hypertension)
Visceral (at organs) vs. Subcutaneous fat
Term
What are the Limitation in resources
Definition

Increase expenditures in Medicare lead to reduction of benefits, greater cost sharing by recipients, and limitations on reimbursements to providers

 

Shifted focus of medicare from expansion and develpment to reduction

 

Changes in reimbursements lead to hospitals and doctors provide less services and less patient

 

Private sector; reduction of coverage and choices

Term
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Definition
A measure of adult's weight in relation to his/her height
The weight in Kg divided by the square of height in meters
(25 - 29.9 if considered overweight) Adults
(BMI 30 or higher is considered obese) Adults

BMI based on percentage of other children as well.
Term
Obesity in children
Definition
8th-95th percentile; risk of overweight
BMI age > 95th percentiles (2+)
Weight for length > 95th percentiles
Term
What is Adiposity Rebound
Definition
Point of minimal BMI just before a gradual increase of BMI (4- 6 years old)
To Observe if the child is developing signs of faster than normal weight gain
This occurs if the child shows adiposity rebound
Term
What is going on with obesity trends for kids?
Definition
Not enough physical actiities:
400 mins/10 days of PE for highschoolers
200/10 days for elementary
Number of overweight children is indirectly related to the amount of physical activity reinforced in schools.

1/10 preschool children is over weight (2-5)
1/7 (6-11)
1/7 in middle and high school children is overweight

9 million children
Term
Type of Obesity: Android
Definition
fat localized in the upper body
-abdominal fat
-higher fatty acid accessibility in blood
visceral
Term
Gynoid
Definition
Lower body fat
-Accumulation of fat in the femoral and gluteal areas
-More resistant to lipolytic stimuli
Hormal effect
Term
Adipose Tissue Development
Definition
Hypertropy: fat cells become larger in obese individual
Hyperplasma: more number of fat cells
Term
Contributing Factors
Definition
An imbalance between calories intake from food and beverage and calories expenditures
The influences is due to many factors: Genetics, Behavior and Environment

Ecological System Theory Model:
- Culture and Society
-Industry, Government
-Community
-School and Peers
-Family and Home
Child
Term
Ecological Systems model
Definition
Changes in individuals are not only affected by personal factors

It is also affected by the interactions with the larger, social, cultural and environmental.
Term
How does one address obesity?
Definition
changing knowledge, attitudes, and belief

Individuals can find the support guidance they need to start making healthful choices
Term
Provide Examples of the following of the Ecological Systems Theory Model:

Interpersonal groups, Organizations, Communities, Society
Definition
Interpersonal: Friends, family, and clubs
Organization: School, work, place of worships, sports team, volunteer groups.
Communities: Making changes to policies
Give residents possible access to healthful foods and places to be physically active
Improvements of parks, distribution of nutrients
Society:
Nutrition and physical activity legislation
Statewide school policies, media campaign
Term
Genetic Factors of obesity
Definition
Increase susceptibility to overweight
Exists in conjunction with contributing and behavioral factors
High energy intake and low physical activities
Term
Genetic Factor Alone
Definition
Prader-Willi Syndrome
-Very rare disease where 7 genes are missing
-1 in 12,00
Exteme insatiable appetite resulting in morbid-obesity
Abnormal functioning of the hypothalamus
Term
Behavioral Factors
Definition
Energy intake
Physical activity
Sedentary behavior
Term
Energy Intake
Definition
Large portion sizes
Eating meals away
Frequent snaking
Food and beverage with added sugar
Though beverages contain energy, they are less satiating
Term
Physical activity
Definition
Important for regulating Cardiovascular functions and bones
Children are spending less time engaged in physical activity during school
Term
List some health consequences of obesity
Definition
Hypertension
Osteoarthritis
Dyslipidemia
Type 2 diabetes
Coronary heart disease
Menstrual abnormalities
Asthma
Stroke Gallbladder diseases
Sleep apnea
Respiratory Problem
Endometrial, breast, and colon cancer
Orthopedic problems
Skin disorders: Infection from sweat not able to escape
Term
Lipid Associated Abnormalities
Definition
Total Cholestrol> 200
Triglyceride > 150
HDL < 40 M and 50 F
Elevated free fatty acid
Elevated fasting > 100 mg / dl (5mM)
Elevated fasting insulin > 5uU/ml (40 pM)
OGTT alternations
> 2 hours
Term
Risk of Overweight in Adulthood
Definition
Social Health:
Stigma
Negative stereotype
Discrimination
Teasing and bullying
Social marginalization

Emotional Health
Low Self-Esteem
Negative body image
Depression

More girls than boys ; More whites in Hispanics
Social and emotional impact (16-24) completed less years in school and earned less money
Term
Why has obesity increased in the past few decades
Definition
Avaliability of inexpensive, palatable, and energy dense foods
Larger portion size
High fat intake
High refined sugar
lower fruits, vegetable and fiber intake
Term
Changes in Energy expenditure
Definition
Lower physical activity of daily living
Lower leisure time physical activity
higher sedentary behavior
Term
How does obesity affect cells?
Definition
Fat cells hypertrophy in obese individuals and hyperplamsa

Lost of weight, it appears number of fat cells does not
Term
What are the two types of excerise and how do they affect fat
Definition
Aerobic; increase fat mobilization; subject with higher abdominal fat lose more visceral AT
Loss of abdominal fat proportion to metabolic improvement
Greater preservation of LBM

Excerise; via resistance activity
Increase LBM
Term
Factors affecting food choices
Definition
Taste
Cost
Covenience
Social Factors
Culture
Habit
Emotion
Nutritional benefits
Term
Dieting types
Definition
During caloric restriction, the dieter assumes that daily energy expenditure remains relatively unchanged
The energy cost of physical activity decreases and body mass decreases
The body tends to protect itself from weight loss by lowering resting metabolism
Lower resting metabolic rate with rate loss is higher than can be attributed to the loss body mass
Diet becomes progressivey less effective and weight loss becomes less predicted from energy balance diet
Term
What are ketogenic diets
Definition
Theory behind the diet is to increase fat mobilization
Increase production of ketones, decreases appetite and is excreted by urine
Major concern is the long term risk that disease may result
Atheletic individual is inability to train at high-intensity
Amino acid from muscle used in attempts to maintain blood glucose, resulting in loss of LBM
Overall ketogenic diets are unnecessary to facilitate fat loss
Term
Meal frequencies
Definition
The number of meals consumed daily can affect metabolism
Increase meal frequencies can reduce cholesterol, LDL and insulin
Maintain saftely and lower insulin levels, facilitating fat loss
Term
Diet induced Thermogenesis
Definition
Thermal effect of food; energy is used to metabolize energy consumed
Fat has low thermic effect and body has easy time storing it
Complex carbs and protein has a higher metabolism and is required to digest and absorb these foods
Term
Guidelines for Weight Reduction/Maintenance
Definition
Avoid severe caloric restrictions
Increase energy output
Reduce saturated fat, increase low/moderate GI, unrefined carb and lean protein
Increase fiber and antioxidant intake
increase meal sequence
incorporation modification/stress reduction
Term
What is the MyPryamid ?
Definition
Activity, Moderation, Personalization, Proportionality, Variety

Activity represented by step and the person climbing
Moderation: each food group narrows towards the top
The base represents foods with little or no solid fats, added sugar.
Narrow top more sugar and fats; eat more if you active more
Personalization:
Estimate for food YOU need daily
Proportionalility: The different food group bands are shown by different widths
Variety; different colors represent different food group
Term
Benefits of Physical Activity
Definition
Cardiovascular system: Plasma Lipoid Profile, Coronary Atery Disease, Atheroscloersis,

Musculoskeletal Higher bone mass, less osteoporosis, joint stability, Less Body fat percentage

Psychological and emotional well-being
-less stress, less symptoms of depression and anxiety, more self-esteem

Benefits of Physical Activity
Chronic disease prevention, less hypertension and diabetes.
Term
Managed Care (Techniques)
Definition
Variety of techniques used to reduce the cost of providing health benefits and improve quality of care
Term
How does managed care reduce uncreassary care cost?
Definition
Programs for reviewing medical necessity for specific services
Increased beneficiary cost sharing
Controls of inpatient admission and length of stay
Incentives for outpatient surgery
Contracting with health care providers
Intensive management of high cost health care cases
Term
HMO act of 1973
Definition
Employers with 25 employees or more to offer federally certified HMO options
Term
Components of Managed Care
Definition
Purchaser: Federal, Employer, State
Health insurance plans: Organization licensed by their state
create the benefits package market the plan and enroll beneficiaries
Providers; Licensed healthcare professor
Deliver the service

Patients: Recepient
Term
Types of Managed Care
Definition
Prefered Provider Organization: fee for service
Health Maintainance Organization: per capita; cost sharing
Indepdent Practice Association: Group of physicians who may have contracts with multiple insurance plans. Capitation. Physicians maintain independent status and still able to see patients with different insurance plans.
Points of Service: Combination of HMO and PPO; higher copay
Indemity:
Any provider
High premium
Low deductible
Low copay
No limitation
Providers are paid for all services
Term
Medicare Basics
Definition
Health insurance for Aged and disabled
Established in 1965
Federal Entitlement
Financanced by payroll tax
Term
Eligibility of Medicare
Definition
65 and over who worked over 40 quarters
Disabled for 24 or more months
End stage Renal Disease
Buy into
Term
Types of coverage
Definition
Part A: Hospital Insurance
B: Supplemental medical Insurance

C private medical insurance
D Prescription Drug
Term
Medicare part A
Definition
Avaliable to 65+
Disable for 24 months or more

Reimburses for
Hspital stays or services
Post hospital stays (nursing homes)
home health
Hospice benefits
Term
Medicare Part B
Definition
Optionally avaliable to 65+ entitled to part A
Permanent resident (>5 years)
Disabled person entitled to part A

Monthly Premium

Benefits: Part A plus
Physician and nursing services
Diagnoistics test
Radiology and pathology services
Blood transfusion
Medical equipment
Physical, speech and occupational therapy
Outpatient mental Health
Term
Medicare Part C
Definition
Medicare plus Choice
- Dental, vision, gym, prescription drug
Lower copay
Receive benefits through private health insurance
Term
Medicare part D
Definition
Prescription drug plan
Term
Challenges in Medicare
Definition
Medicare hospital trust will become insolvent in 2019
Aging population
Fraud
Term
What is medicaid and what are the qualification
Definition
Joint State and federal program

Pregnant woman and children t or below 200% FPL
Children at or below 133% FPL depends on age
Supplmentary security Income
Temporary Assistance to Needy family
Other medically needed
65 or older.
Term
What are medical benefits
Definition
Hospital inpatient care
Outpatient care
skilled nursing care
equipment and supplies
therapy doctor visits
laboratory test
X-rays
pharmaceuticals
medical transportation
Dental, vision and mental health care
Term
Medical Services
Definition
Fee for service plans or managed care
Health Net- Commericial plan
LA care Helaht plan - Local initiative, including kaiser, Blue Cross, UHP healthcare
Term
What defines a successful module?
Definition
Basic needs are being met
Archives lesson goal
Runs smooth
Children are ENGAGED in project
Sparks something positive or unexpected
Term
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
Definition
Physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self actualization
Term
Steps to success
Definition
1. Environment
2. Planning
3. Delivering
4. Evaluations
Term
Steps to Success: Environement
Definition
1. Physical: Get to know your site & Safety first
2. Atmosphere: Set clear limits, set routine, clear expectation

Atmosphere:
Set clear limits
Have a set routine
Have clear expectations
Term
Steps to Success: Planning
Definition
Prepare
Be Organizaed
Schedule and Flexibility
Transitions
Back-up Plans
Age- Appropriate
Adress all learning styles
Relatable experiences
Term
What are the different Learning Styles
Definition
1. Multiple Intelligence; Not How smart are you, but How are you smart?
2. Visual Aids
3. Hands on Learning
4. Encourages different ways to show knowledge
5. Partners or Small groups
6. Souvenirs to take home
Term
Basic Lesson Plan steps are
Definition
1. Intro
2 Through: Teach to different learning style
3. beyond: practice with an activity
4. Closing: Share, discuss, assess
Term
Steps to Success:Delivery
Definition
1. Keep attention/ High interest
2. Demonstrate enthusiasm
3. Use kids prior knowledge
4. Ask leading questions
5. Be CLEAR and concise
6 Use age-approiate language
7. Provide quality interaction Time
Term
Steps to Success: Delivery: Ways to Teach
Definition
Show a visual (chart/poster)
Read a story or an excerpt
Watch a video clip
Play a song
"Lecture"

No Matter What:
Building on prior knowledge
Ask for student iput
10 minutes
Term
Steps to Success: Delivery: Follow-up Activities
Definition
Collage
Poster/Art
Board Game
Comic Strip
Dialogue
Newscast
Crossward
Word Search
Venn Diagram
Re-Teaching
Write a song or rap
Poem
Worksheet
Jeopardy
Term
Evaluation
Definition
Share
Assess
Discuss
Sourenirs to take home
Improve and adjust
Term
Positive Reinforment
Definition
1. Foster self-esteem
2. Praise should be genuine and specific
3. I like the way. . ..
4. Internal Motivation as ultimate goal
Term
Prevention
Definition
1. Environment/Planning
2. Routines
3. Clear Expectations
4. Set limits and stick to them
5. Designated seating
6. Help each other; know when you are at your limit and ask someone else for help.
Term
Sources of Behavior
Definition
1. Anger
2. Power
3. Revenge
4. Feeling inadequate
Term
Bad kid vs. bad behavior
Definition
Avoid labeling
The behavior is bad, not the kid
Use I statements
Say I don't like the choice you made
Say You need to. . . instead of Don't and No!
Term
Irgnore the small stuff then. . .
Definition
limit choices
Verbal warning
redirection
give time for thoughtful reflect/calming down
non-verbal signals
behavioral contract

The minute you enter a power struggle, you already lost.
Term
Avoid power struggles
Definition
direct eye contact
firm tone
appropriate pauses
slow pace of talking
active listening
adequate calm
ample distance
Term
Active listening
Definition
You feel
It seems to you
You believe
What I hear you saying
You mean
Could it be that
Let me see if I understand
I wonder if is it possible that
What I think I'm hearing is
Term
Consequence
Definition
Four R; Reasonable
Related
Respectful
Revealed
Term
Follow Through
Definition
Consistency is the key
No empty threats
Being fair doesn't always mean being equal
Firmness- be in control
You are authority
Term
Positive Reinforment
Definition
1. Foster self-esteem
2. Praise should be genuine and specific
3. I like the way. . ..
4. Internal Motivation as ultimate goal
Term
Prevention
Definition
1. Environment/Planning
2. Routines
3. Clear Expectations
4. Set limits and stick to them
5. Designated seating
6. Help each other; know when you are at your limit and ask someone else for help.
Term
Sources of Behavior
Definition
1. Anger
2. Power
3. Revenge
4. Feeling inadequate
Term
Bad kid vs. bad behavior
Definition
Avoid labeling
The behavior is bad, not the kid
Use I statements
Say I don't like the choice you made
Say You need to. . . instead of Don't and No!
Term
Irgnore the small stuff then. . .
Definition
limit choices
Verbal warning
redirection
give time for thoughtful reflect/calming down
non-verbal signals
behavioral contract

The minute you enter a power struggle, you already lost.
Term
Avoid power struggles
Definition
direct eye contact
firm tone
appropriate pauses
slow pace of talking
active listening
adequate calm
ample distance
Term
Active listening
Definition
You feel
It seems to you
You believe
What I hear you saying
You mean
Could it be that
Let me see if I understand
I wonder if is it possible that
What I think I'm hearing is
Term
Consequence
Definition
Four R; Reasonable
Related
Respectful
Revealed
Term
Follow Through
Definition
Consistency is the key
No empty threats
Being fair doesn't always mean being equal
Firmness- be in control
You are authority
Term
Who is WHO?
Definition
World Health Organization
- The directing and coordinating authority within health of the UN system
-Responsible for providing leadership on global health matters
Term
Criteria of Ranking of health Care Systems
Definition
Overall good health (Low infant rate, adjusted life expectancy)
Fair distribution of good Health
Level of responsiveness
Fair Distribution fo responsiveness
Fair distribution of financing
Term
US is ranked for being the most expensive health care system because. . .
Definition
Expensive technology, Prescription drugs, high administrative cost, rise of uninsured and abused
Term
Explain the US system of Health care
Definition
Funded by public and private
59% of Americans receive their health insurance coverage by an employer
Must pay out of pocket in full for all services
Managed care
Government Programs
Term
Problems of the healthcare system
Definition
Access
high cost
Fairness
Effectiveness
Declining choices
Increase control in health care decisions by managed care companies
Shortage of nursing
Term
Solution for problems with the healthcare system
Definition
Single payer system to reduce the administrative cost, does not rule out private insurance since a single payer system will provide basic insurance plan

Immunization - Primary
Early detection - Secondary
Education - tertiary
Term
Describe SB840
Definition
Proposed by senator Sheila Kuehl
Single payer system that covers all of Cali
Similar to Medicare
Gives the freedom to choose any provider
Insurance companies don't like because it takes their role away
Employers pay 8%
Employees pay 4%
No co-pay
No deductible
Term
Describe Obama Health Care Plan
Definition
Make healthcare more affordable
Make health insurers more accountable
Expand to cover all Americans
Stabilize family budget, Federal, and economy
Fully implemented by 2014 by income taxes
Term
Current Problem with the system
Definition
Health care is too expensive; premiums double, 14K a year for a family of 4, population is aging,
System is full of holes; can be turned down if pre-existing conditions, charged more if employees are sick, lifetime limits on benefits,
too many uninsured individuals.
Term
What are the two phases?
Describe each
Definition
Phase 1: Now to 2014
Limit spending by insurancing companies to control rising cost
Make services free by insurance companies
More help for medicare recipients in drug purchases
Allow people to remain on parents plan until 26
Tax breaks for businesses to help pay for health insurance
No lifetime limits
Kids with pre-existing conditions cannot be turned down
Government help with high risk individual

Phase 2: 2014
Expansion on medicaid to cover more low income individuals
Depending on income, one cane eligible for health insurance tax credit.
People cannot be turned down by any insurance companies for being sick
Fines will be imposed for not buying
39 million uninsured will have coverage

Creation of Insurance Exchange
Term
Affordibility of Obama Care
Definition
Individuals have many choices;
Current plan, Public Option, Health Insurance Exchange

How much All this will cost?
ALOT; 2% of the federal budget; 983 billion dollars in the next 10 years.

Promise that this will not drive the deficit further

Where is money coming from?
Limit on Medicare reimbursement to providers
More taxes; higher income tax for rich
More on high end benefit plans
drugs and medical devices
tanning salons.
Term
Site Breakdown
Definition
3:30 - 5:30
Leave UCLA 2:30
Pre-Brief
Homework 3:30 -4:30
4:30 - 5:30 Module Presentation
Post Brief
Back by 6
Term
Who is at site
Definition
Interns
Site Supervisors
Site Coordinators
Board
Term
What to wear at site
Definition
Closed toed shoes
Pants/shorts
no hats
appropriate clothing
Term
What is expected at site
Definition
Be positive role model
Be enthusiastic
Be supportive

Common sense; language, appropriate clothing, gun, cellphones
Term
What to do with scheduling conflicts ?
Definition
Reasons to miss site; email Dr. Esdin cc to TEACH account
Make up
Term
How to complete this module presentation form?
Definition
Detail! So someone else can give it
Less lecture more activity, interactive
Will it interest the kids? Can they understand?

Getting help;
Site Coordinators, program development, 15 minute excerise
Term
Module Forms
Definition
Problem Statement,
Resources,
Objectives
Methods
Evaluations
Term
How many drafts are needed?
Definition
1st due a week in advance, 2 if needed. Final before the module presentation
Term
Behavioral Management
Definition
Know your age group
Be understanding, don't lose your cool
Dealing with outburst
Term
Relationship with kids
Definition
Set boundaries
Mentor/Mentee
Remember why you are there.
Term
How do you make a good objective?
Definition
Specific
Measureable
Attainable
Realistic
Timing
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