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PTP 582 Nervous system changes part 1
Quiz 2
30
Health Care
Graduate
02/08/2011

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Cards

Term
What occurs during anatomical brain growth that influences the development of motor control and cognition?
Definition
Dendritic proliferation, cell migration, and cell differentiation
Term
What functional and organizational changes occur in the brain that influences the development of motor control and cognition?
Definition
development of synaptic connections
Term
How does the distributed model of neural control influence the development of motor control and cognition?
Definition

multiple systmens interact and neural connections are strenthened

pathway depends on the environment and the task

Term
what is the term that describes the adaptation of the nervous system
Definition
neural plasticity
Term
When does neural plasticity occur and when is it at its greatest capacity
Definition
Occurs across the life span and it is at it's greatest capacity early in life; it helps you to learn
Term
what two processes are involved in neural plasticity
Definition

synaptic overgrowth

synaptic pruing

Term
what is synaptic overgrowth?
Definition
the normal overproduction of neurons found in the newborn brain
Term
what is synaptic pruning and name the two processes by which it occurs
Definition

Synaptic pruning is the reduction in the number of unused neurons in the brain that occurs as we age

two types: apoptosis

Axon retraction

Term
Define apaptosis with relation to neurons
Definition
a non-disease process in which neurons degenerate and die
Term
Define Axon Retraction
Definition

the selective eximination of synaptic connections that occurs in normal development.  It reinforces functional pathways that develop as a result of interactions between individual, task and environment.

It occurs in healthy neurons. 

Extraneous axonal connections are eliminated

 

Term
Define infant reflexes
Definition
  • the pairing of sensory and motor information that begins in fetal development.
  • A sequence of reflexive motor behavior that is seen in early infancy and provides a substrate for development or functional movement
  • movement patterns oberserved in infancy
  • follow an orderly sequence of appearance and disappearance

 

Term
list three infant refelxes realted to eating
Definition
suck-swallow, rooting and gag
Term
what is another name for infant refelexes
Definition
primitive reflexes
Term

when do primitive reflexes reappear

 

List three theories that try to explain this phenomenon

Definition
  • primitive reflexes oftem reappear after a brain injury
  • theoretical explanations for this have changed:
  • Hierarchical
  • Maturational
  • Dynamic systems
Term
Explain the traditional view/maturation view of reflexes development
Definition
  • the sequential appearance of reflexes is infancey reflects maturation of brain centers from lower to higher
  • reflexes disappear because they are ultimately suppressed by cortex
  • Reappear if "called on" by cortex to support voluntary movement
  • reappear if "released" from CNS control by brain injury
Term
What has research shown us with regards to the traditional view and why is it no longer seen as fact
Definition
  • the expression orf reflexes in infancy is influenced by practice and body dimension
  • practice of some reflexes promotes development
  • reflex movement that occures with brain injury is not isomorphic with reflex movement seein in typical development
  • note: isomorphic means that something is simialar in appearance but genetically different
Term
Describe the contemporary view of reflex development
Definition
  • distributed model of CNS control
  • Numerous interconnections within CNS
  • Movement emerges as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors
  • primitive reflexes "re-appear" with pathology as residual structures reorganize
Term
List some primitive reflexes
Definition
  • Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
  • symmetric tonic neck reflex
  • palmar grasp
  • plantar grasp
  • flexor withdrawal
  • babinski
Term
Describe Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Definition
  • head turning that results in extension of the limbs on the face side and flexion of the limbs on the skull side
  • sometimes called the fencer posture
  • if this reflex doesn't dissapear it can interfere with movement and posture; it is important to address to minimize any negiative impacts on function
Term
Discribe Symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR)
Definition
  • neck extension results in arm extension and leg flexion
  • Can interfere with reciprocal crawling
Term
Describe palmar and plantar grasp
Definition
  • Palmar: tactile pressure to the palm results in finger flesion; if retained there is difficulty with object release
  • Plantar: tactile pressure to the plantar surface results in toe flexion; when retained can lead to problems with standing and have the potential for skin break down
Term
Describe the Babinski  reflex
Definition
  • touch to the sole of the food results in extension and abducion of the toes
  • re-appearance of reflexees in pathology
  • represent UMN problem
  • Motor system attemps to reorganize after injury
Term
what is the contemporary view of primitive reflexes
Definition
  • They are coordinative structures that limit the degrees of freedom at joints
  • they are one of the substrates for motor control
Term
What effect does neuroplasticity have in response to injury
Definition
  • it is a reorganization mechanism that is involved in synaptic pruning, collateral sprouting, and new synapse formation.  PT attempts to use reorganization potential in the recovery of function.
  • Because the brain is reorganzing it can cause positive or negative change.  Intervention shortly after injury is important because of the impact on the reorganization state
Term
Describe the life span changes that occur in pre-natal development
Definition
  • neural tube develops from specialized ectoderm at 3 weeks gestational age (GA)
  • neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem develop by the 10th week
  • newurons of the cerebral hemispheres develop by 20 weeks
  • development of the fetal nervous system at risk from teratogens, infection, mal-nutrition
  • note: teratogens are substances in the environment that can cause birth defects
Term
Describe the life span changes that occur in infancy and early childhood
Definition
  • brain weight doubles in the first 6 months of life
  • critical periods for brain growth between 3-10 months and 15-24 months
  • brain growth correlates with cognitive and language development in the first 2 years
  • Myelination of brain continues into young adulthood
  • richness of experiences are critical to cognitive development
  • prime time for language development
  • infant needs lots of experiance from proper development
Term
Describe the life span changes that occure in childhood and adolescence
Definition
  • more development of skills as brain myelination continues
  • develop quicker response time in childhood
  • practice is a variable across all ages
  • Critical periods of brain growth at: 6-8yrs, 10-12 yrs, 18yrs
  • Language development continues to be related to brain growth
  • brain directs other body systems via hormones to change at puberty
Term
describe lifespan changes that occur in adulthood
Definition
  • CNS: braing weight and volume begin to decline at age 20; loss of brain mass related to loss of myelin; decreases can be moderated by overall good health
  • PNS: nerve conduction velocity decreases; this is seen in motor nerves at age 20 and sensory nerves around age 30
Term
describe life span changes that occure in oler adulthood
Definition
  • age-related decline in brain weight and volume continues
  • increased neural atrophy, cell death, and ventricular enlargement
  • rate of volume loss decrease as age 65
  • frontal lobes afected by ageing and impact memory and executive function
  • intellectual ability is presearved into mid-70's
  • memory loss is common
  • decreased reaction time: premotor time is slower and motor time is task dependent
Term
what two factors play into the disease process of alzheimers
Definition

neurofibrillary tangles

neuritic plaques

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