Term
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Definition
| transmit info in the form of electrical signaling |
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Definition
| provide metabolic support, protection and insulation for neurons |
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Definition
| convert physical stimuli into electrical signals |
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Definition
| neurons in brain and spinal cord; form interacting neural circuits; responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision making and cognition |
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Definition
| direct biobehavioral responses appropriate for the situation. |
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Term
| how much of daily caloric intake does the brain use |
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Definition
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Definition
| (type of glial cell) provide structural support, maintain ionic and chemical environment, store nutrients to provide energy for neurons, perform phagocytosis |
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Definition
| (type of glial cell) perform phagocytosis, provide immune system function |
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Definition
| (type of glial cell) form myelin sheath on a single axon in the PNS, release growth factors following neuron damage, provide a channel to guide axons to targets |
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Definition
| (type of glial cell) form myelin sheath on multiple axons in the CNS, inhibit regrowth of axons following neuron damage |
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Term
| three pathways of dopamine |
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Definition
| substantia nigra; motor path; nigrostriatal, VTA;reward path; mesolimbic, mesocortical; want; crave "do it again" |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The Na+–K+ pump moves 3 Na+ to the outside for every 2 K+ moved to the inside, helping to keep the inside of the cell negative. Ions are pumped against their concentration gradients; requires energy. |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| thoracic and lumbar, "fight or flight", second stage neurons are far from the target organ |
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Definition
| cranial and sacral. "rest and restore", second stage neurons are near the target organ |
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Definition
| regulates heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting |
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Definition
| the vomiting center, limited blood-brain barrier; initiates vomiting in response to toxins |
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Definition
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Definition
| extends from pons to medulla and midbrain; collection of nuclei that inflluence arousal, attention, sleep and muscle tone |
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Definition
| a nucleus with axons extending to many areas of the forebrain; source of neurons that use norepinephrine |
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Term
| dorsal and median raphe nuclei use what neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| Periaqueductal gray (PAG) |
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Definition
| important for modulation of pain; rich in opioid receptors; important site for morphine binding |
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Term
| Ventral tegmental area (VTA) |
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Definition
| primary dopaminergic cell bodies; some axons extend into the limbic system- mesolimbic tract |
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Term
| one of the primary reward pathways |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| DA cell bodies primarily involved with motor control and movement (loss of these in Parkinson's) |
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Definition
| thalamus and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| receives sensory and motor information and passes it on to the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| receives information about the internal environment and coordinates with the limbic system to maintain internal states (homeostasis) The 4F's (flight, fight, feed and fornicate) |
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Definition
| includes cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| are involved in motor control |
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Definition
| integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behavior and learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a presynaptic axon terminal communicates with a dendrite of the postsynaptic cell (most commonly discussed) |
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Term
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Definition
| in the axon terminals are filled with several thousand molecules of a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| presynaptic inhibition, presynaptic facilitation |
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Term
| how to determine whether a chemical is a NT |
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Definition
| presynaptic cell contains the chemical plus a mechanism to make it. a mechanism for inactiviating the chemical should also be present, chemical is released from axon terminal when neuron is stimulated, receptors for the chemical are present in postsynaptic cell, direct application of chemical or an agonist drug has the same effect on post-synaptic cell as stimulating the presynaptic neuron, applying an antagonist drug that blocks the receptors inhibits both the chemical's action and the effect of stimulating the presynaptic neuron |
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Term
| two methods of vesicle fusion/ endocytosis |
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Definition
| kiss and run, complete endocytosis (merge/fusion) |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters can either be... |
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Definition
broken down by enzyme- common for ACh,
lipid and gaseous transmitters and neuropeptides(degredation), reuptake- taken up by the cell that released them |
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Term
| neurotransmitters bind to more than one type of receptor also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 major categories of transmitter receptors |
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Definition
| ionotropic and metabotropic |
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Term
| ionotropic receptors consist of _____ |
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Definition
| 4 or 5 subunits with an ion channel in the center |
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Term
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Definition
| channel is closed even though ligands are bound to the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| act more slowly but response lasts longer, consist of one subunit with 7 trans-membrane domains (7-TM receptors), work by activatic G proteins (G protein-coupled receptors) |
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Term
| Catecholamines include___________ and belong to the group o NTs called_______ |
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Definition
| dopamine(DA) norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine(EPI), monoamines (or biogenic amines) |
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Term
| name the 3 enzymes for protein synthesis and what they do |
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Definition
| Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- turns tyrosine into DOPA. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase(AADC)- turns DOPA into Dopamine. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)- turns Dopamine into Norepinephrine |
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Term
| Catecholamine synthesis can be increased by |
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Definition
| administering a precursor such as L-DOPA, which has been used to treat Parkinson's disease |
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Term
| Catecholamine synthesis can be decreased by |
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Definition
| α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), blocks TH preventing overall catecholamine synthesis |
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Term
| vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) |
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Definition
| a specific transporter in the vesicle membrane that recognizes monoamines |
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Term
| VMAT can be blocked by... |
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Definition
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Term
| some drugs cause release independently of cell firing, the two most important are... and they principally act on... |
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Definition
| amphetamine and methamphetamine, dopamine- reverse transport mechanisms (meth)- block transporters (cocaine) |
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Term
| Catecholamine release is inhibited by... |
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Definition
| autoreceptors on neuron cell bodies. terminals and dendrites |
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Term
| the autoreceptors enhance... this... |
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Definition
| the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels, shortens the duration of action potentials and reduces Ca2+ influx and thus, vesicle exocytosis |
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Term
| The DA and NE systems have several... |
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Definition
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Term
| The DA autoreceptor is ___ subtype; the NE autoreceptor is ____ subtype |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutant mice with no D2 autoreceptors (but normal postysnaptic D2 receptors in non DA neurons) were... |
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Definition
| more active than controls and more sensitive to cocaine |
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Term
| Inactivation of catecholamines 1 |
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Definition
| Reuptake: DA and NE move from the synaptic cleft into the nerve terminal via specific membrane transporter proteins- The molecules are then repackaged into vesicles or broken down |
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Term
| Inactivation of catecholamines 2 |
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Definition
| breakdown of catecholamines by catechol-O-methyltranserase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
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Term
| COMT inhibitors _____ and _____ enhance the effectiveness of _____ in treating _______ by preventing breakdown of ______ |
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Definition
| entacapone (comtan), tolcapone (tasmar), L-DOPA, Parkinson's disease, DOPA |
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Term
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Definition
| axons from the cell group in the substantia nigra extend to the caudate-putamen or striatum |
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Term
| Mesolimbic dopamine pathway |
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Definition
| from the VTA to various structures of the limbic system |
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Term
| Mesocortical dopamine pathway |
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Definition
| from the VTA to the prefrontal cerebral cortex |
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Term
| The nigrostriatal tract facilitates |
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Definition
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Term
| Parkinson's disease invlolves loss of... |
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Definition
| DA neurons in the substantia nigra and consequent denervation of the striatum |
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Term
| DA has ___ receptor subtypes ___ to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| All DA receptor subtypes are ____ which means |
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Definition
| metabotropic, they interact with G proteins and function via second messengers |
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Term
| D_ and D_ are similar (D_ like receptors) |
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Definition
| 1,5,1 excitatory metabotropic |
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Term
| D_, D_ and D_ are a separate family (D_ like receptors) |
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Definition
| 2,3,4,2 inhibitory metabotropic |
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Term
| NE neurons in the brain are in the ____ and _____ |
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Definition
| pons, medulla of the brainstem |
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Term
| Locus Coeruleus (LC) in the pons: |
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Definition
| a dense collection of NE neurons corresponding roughly to the A6 cell group, the fibers extend to nearly all areas of the forebrain, as well as the cerebellum and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Adrenergic agonists or antagonists are frequently used in treatment of... |
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Definition
| non-widespread distribution of adrenergic receptors in peripheral organs, agonists that activate both α- and β-receptors are used to treat bronchial asthma, but there are undesirable side effects |
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Term
| Tryptophan reduction diet leads to... |
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Definition
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Term
| Terminal autoreceptors directly inhibit _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatodendritic autoreceptors indirectly inhibit... |
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Definition
| release by slowing the rate of neuron firing |
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Term
| 5-HT release is stimulated by a drug family based on.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Para-choloroamphetamine mainly used... |
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Definition
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Term
| Fenfluramine was prescribed for... |
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Definition
| appetite suppression is obese patients. potent inhibitor of the re-uptake of 5-HT into nerve terminals |
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Term
| 3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is used... |
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Definition
| recreationally, acts on VMAT (inhibition) and trace amine associated receptor (TAAR1)- if the vesicles no longer fill Monoamines remain in cell cytosol, TAAR1 activation causes the transporters (DAT, SERT, NET) to run backwards dumping internal contents into cleft |
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Term
| Almost all serotonergic neurons in the CNS are found... |
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Definition
| along the midline of the brainstem, associated with raphe nuclei |
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Term
| The _____ and ________ give rise to most of the serotonergic fibers in the ______ |
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Definition
| dorsal, median raphe nuclei, forebrain |
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Term
| 5-HT-containing cell groups are designated with a ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| There are at least __ receptors for 5-HT; most are ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| 5-HT1A receptors are concentrated in the ___ ____ ____ and ____(4 parts). They reduce ____ synthesis by_______ |
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Definition
| hippocampus, septal area, amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus. cAMP synthesis, inhibiting adenyl cyclase or increase opening of K+ channels and membrane hyperpolarization |
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Term
| The ________ is necessary for contextual fear conditioning; it has a high level of _____ _______ _______ |
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Definition
| hippocampus, 5-HT1A postsynaptic receptors |
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Term
| Activation of __________ ______ receptors leading to memory impairment is likely related to... |
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Definition
| hippocampal 5-HT1A, the action of this receptor to hyperpolarize and inhibit firing of, postsynaptic cells |
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Term
| ______ receptors are expressed most highly in the basal ganglia and the hippocampus, these receptors... |
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Definition
| 5-HT4, depolarize postsynaptic cells and thus have an excitatory effect |
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Term
| 5-HT4 partial agonists may enhance... |
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Definition
| memory and learning, but also depend on facilitation of cholinergic transmission in the cortex and the hippocampus |
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Term
| Highest levels of ______ receptors are found in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles |
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Definition
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Term
| Curare (mixture), a toxin in the bark of several South American plants, has been used by native tribes for centuries in poison arrows for hunting and fighting. It causes |
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Definition
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Term
| Curare blocks a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| choline and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), catalyzed by choline aceytyltransferase (ChAT) |
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Term
| Rate of ACh synthesis is controlled by |
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Definition
| availability of precursors, rate of cell firing |
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Term
| No selective inhibitors of _____ have been found, and large doses of ______ to treat disorders like Alzheimer's disease have not been effective |
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Definition
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Term
| Levels of ACh are controlled by ______ which... |
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Definition
| acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks it down to choline and acetic acid |
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Term
| ______ in presynaptic cells can metabolize excess ACh that may have been synthesized |
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Definition
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Term
| On the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. ______ breaks down _____ after release into the synaptic cleft |
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Definition
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Term
| Some compounds cause irreversible inhibition of ______ weak versions are used as _________, very toxic varieties are "nerve gasses" |
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Definition
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Term
| ACh accumulation and overstimulation of ___________ synapses thoughout the CNS PNS lead to __________ and ___________ |
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Definition
| cholinergic, muscle paralysis, death by asphyxiation |
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Term
| During the Gulf War and the invasion of Iraq, ______ ________ tablets were given to soldiers who might be exposed to Sarin |
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Definition
| pyridostigmine bromide (PB) |
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Term
| The two families of cholinergic receptors are: |
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Definition
| Nicotinic- respond to the agonist nicotine, an alkaloid found in the tobacco plant. Muscarinic- respond to muscarine, an alkaloid first isolated from fly agaric mushrooms (amanita muscaria) |
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Term
| Anticholinergic drugs such as orphenadrine (Norflex) benzotropine mesylate (cogentin) and trihexyphenidyl (Artane) are sometimes prescribed instead of ______ in early stages of ________ disease |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ ______ _____ ______ neurons are in several brain areas _____ is the origin of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and other limbic system structures. |
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Definition
| Basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS), BFCS |
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Term
| Depolarization block occurs |
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Definition
| the resting potential of the membrane is lost, and the cell cannot be excited until the agonist is removed and the membrane repolarized |
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Term
| parasympatho-mimetic agent (such as muscarine, pilocarpine and arecoline) poisoning leads to |
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Definition
| exaggerated parasympathetic responses- lacrimation, salivation, sweating, pinpoint pupils, severe abdominal pain, painful diarrhea. high doses can cause cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, coma and death |
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Term
| _______ _______ use glutamate as the transmitterand have even greater concentrations of glutamate |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamate is synthesized from _____ by _____ requires energy from ATP |
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Definition
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Term
| Three different vesicular glutamate transporters move glutamate into synaptic vesicles, these are called |
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Definition
| VGLUT1, VGLUT2 and VGLUT3 |
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Term
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Definition
| the ionized form of the amino acid glutamic acid |
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Term
| Glutamate and aspartate are... |
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Definition
| excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Term
| These transporters take up both glutamate and asparatate: |
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Definition
| excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1 to EAAT5 |
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Term
| After uptake, astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine by _______ _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Downregulation of EAAT2 could play a role in the development of _____ _____ _____ and other neuropathological conditions |
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Definition
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) |
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Term
| AMPA and kainte receptors: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allow both Na+ and Ca2+ to pass; Ca2+ also activates a second messenger, releases Magnesium block once AMPA has a sufficient electrical charge |
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Term
| High levels of glutamate can... |
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Definition
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Term
| Injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in young mice... |
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Definition
| damages the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is important in the endocrine system |
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Term
| Excitotoxicity hypothesis |
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Definition
| prolonged depolarization of receptive neurons leads to their eventual damage or death |
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Term
| The major inhibitory amino acid transmitters are _______ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA is activated by what element? |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA is synthesized only by _______ neurons; its only function is as a NT |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA is made from ____ catalyzed by ______ _____ ________ |
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Definition
| glutamate, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) |
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Term
| GABA is metabolized to glutamate and succinate by ______ __________ |
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Definition
| GABA aminotranserase (GABA-T) |
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Term
| GABA is removed from the synaptic cleft by three different transporters: |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA moves into vesicles via _______ ______ ________ |
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Definition
| Vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| GABAa receptor channels allow ___ to move from outside to inside the cell. this causes... Each receptor consists of 5 subunits, of various combinations of the 4 types: |
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Definition
| Cl-, hyperpolarization and inhibition of the postynaptic cell, α, β, γ, δ. |
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