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Psychopharmacology
Exam 1
128
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
01/10/2018

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Term
Neurons
Definition
transmit info in the form of electrical signaling
Term
glial cells
Definition
provide metabolic support, protection and insulation for neurons
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
convert physical stimuli into electrical signals
Term
interneurons
Definition
neurons in brain and spinal cord; form interacting neural circuits; responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision making and cognition
Term
Motor neurons
Definition
direct biobehavioral responses appropriate for the situation.
Term
how much of daily caloric intake does the brain use
Definition
over 20%
Term
astrocytes
Definition
(type of glial cell) provide structural support, maintain ionic and chemical environment, store nutrients to provide energy for neurons, perform phagocytosis
Term
Microglia
Definition
(type of glial cell) perform phagocytosis, provide immune system function
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
(type of glial cell) form myelin sheath on a single axon in the PNS, release growth factors following neuron damage, provide a channel to guide axons to targets
Term
Oligodendroglia
Definition
(type of glial cell) form myelin sheath on multiple axons in the CNS, inhibit regrowth of axons following neuron damage
Term
three pathways of dopamine
Definition
substantia nigra; motor path; nigrostriatal, VTA;reward path; mesolimbic, mesocortical; want; crave "do it again"
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
-70 mV
Term
Sodium potassium pump...
Definition
The Na+–K+ pump moves 3 Na+ to the outside for every 2 K+ moved to the inside, helping to keep the inside of the cell negative. Ions are pumped against their concentration gradients; requires energy.
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
thoracic and lumbar, "fight or flight", second stage neurons are far from the target organ
Term
parasympathetic
Definition
cranial and sacral. "rest and restore", second stage neurons are near the target organ
Term
medulla (myelencephalon)
Definition
regulates heart rate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting
Term
Area postrema
Definition
the vomiting center, limited blood-brain barrier; initiates vomiting in response to toxins
Term
Mentencephalon
Definition
pons and cerebellum
Term
Reticular formation
Definition
extends from pons to medulla and midbrain; collection of nuclei that inflluence arousal, attention, sleep and muscle tone
Term
Locus coeruleus
Definition
a nucleus with axons extending to many areas of the forebrain; source of neurons that use norepinephrine
Term
dorsal and median raphe nuclei use what neurotransmitter
Definition
serotinin
Term
Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
Definition
important for modulation of pain; rich in opioid receptors; important site for morphine binding
Term
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Definition
primary dopaminergic cell bodies; some axons extend into the limbic system- mesolimbic tract
Term
one of the primary reward pathways
Definition
mesocortical dopamine
Term
substantia nigra (SN)
Definition
DA cell bodies primarily involved with motor control and movement (loss of these in Parkinson's)
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
receives sensory and motor information and passes it on to the cortex
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
receives information about the internal environment and coordinates with the limbic system to maintain internal states (homeostasis) The 4F's (flight, fight, feed and fornicate)
Term
Telencephalon
Definition
includes cerebral cortex, limbic system and basal ganglia
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
are involved in motor control
Term
limbic system
Definition
integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behavior and learning
Term
axodendritic synapses
Definition
a presynaptic axon terminal communicates with a dendrite of the postsynaptic cell (most commonly discussed)
Term
synaptic vesicles
Definition
in the axon terminals are filled with several thousand molecules of a neurotransmitter
Term
axodendritic
Definition
axon to dendrite
Term
axosomatic
Definition
axon to soma
Term
axoaxonic
Definition
axon to axon
Term
axoaxonic purpose
Definition
presynaptic inhibition, presynaptic facilitation
Term
how to determine whether a chemical is a NT
Definition
presynaptic cell contains the chemical plus a mechanism to make it. a mechanism for inactiviating the chemical should also be present, chemical is released from axon terminal when neuron is stimulated, receptors for the chemical are present in postsynaptic cell, direct application of chemical or an agonist drug has the same effect on post-synaptic cell as stimulating the presynaptic neuron, applying an antagonist drug that blocks the receptors inhibits both the chemical's action and the effect of stimulating the presynaptic neuron
Term
two methods of vesicle fusion/ endocytosis
Definition
kiss and run, complete endocytosis (merge/fusion)
Term
Neurotransmitters can either be...
Definition
broken down by enzyme- common for ACh,
lipid and gaseous transmitters and neuropeptides(degredation), reuptake- taken up by the cell that released them
Term
neurotransmitters bind to more than one type of receptor also known as
Definition
receptor subtypes
Term
What are the 2 major categories of transmitter receptors
Definition
ionotropic and metabotropic
Term
ionotropic receptors consist of _____
Definition
4 or 5 subunits with an ion channel in the center
Term
desensitization
Definition
channel is closed even though ligands are bound to the receptor
Term
Metabotropic receptors:
Definition
act more slowly but response lasts longer, consist of one subunit with 7 trans-membrane domains (7-TM receptors), work by activatic G proteins (G protein-coupled receptors)
Term
Catecholamines include___________ and belong to the group o NTs called_______
Definition
dopamine(DA) norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine(EPI), monoamines (or biogenic amines)
Term
name the 3 enzymes for protein synthesis and what they do
Definition
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- turns tyrosine into DOPA. Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase(AADC)- turns DOPA into Dopamine. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH)- turns Dopamine into Norepinephrine
Term
Catecholamine synthesis can be increased by
Definition
administering a precursor such as L-DOPA, which has been used to treat Parkinson's disease
Term
Catecholamine synthesis can be decreased by
Definition
α-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), blocks TH preventing overall catecholamine synthesis
Term
vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT)
Definition
a specific transporter in the vesicle membrane that recognizes monoamines
Term
VMAT can be blocked by...
Definition
the drug reserpine
Term
some drugs cause release independently of cell firing, the two most important are... and they principally act on...
Definition
amphetamine and methamphetamine, dopamine- reverse transport mechanisms (meth)- block transporters (cocaine)
Term
Catecholamine release is inhibited by...
Definition
autoreceptors on neuron cell bodies. terminals and dendrites
Term
the autoreceptors enhance... this...
Definition
the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels, shortens the duration of action potentials and reduces Ca2+ influx and thus, vesicle exocytosis
Term
The DA and NE systems have several...
Definition
receptor subtypes
Term
The DA autoreceptor is ___ subtype; the NE autoreceptor is ____ subtype
Definition
D2, α2
Term
Mutant mice with no D2 autoreceptors (but normal postysnaptic D2 receptors in non DA neurons) were...
Definition
more active than controls and more sensitive to cocaine
Term
Inactivation of catecholamines 1
Definition
Reuptake: DA and NE move from the synaptic cleft into the nerve terminal via specific membrane transporter proteins- The molecules are then repackaged into vesicles or broken down
Term
Inactivation of catecholamines 2
Definition
breakdown of catecholamines by catechol-O-methyltranserase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Term
COMT inhibitors _____ and _____ enhance the effectiveness of _____ in treating _______ by preventing breakdown of ______
Definition
entacapone (comtan), tolcapone (tasmar), L-DOPA, Parkinson's disease, DOPA
Term
Nigrostriatal tract
Definition
axons from the cell group in the substantia nigra extend to the caudate-putamen or striatum
Term
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Definition
from the VTA to various structures of the limbic system
Term
Mesocortical dopamine pathway
Definition
from the VTA to the prefrontal cerebral cortex
Term
The nigrostriatal tract facilitates
Definition
voluntary movement
Term
Parkinson's disease invlolves loss of...
Definition
DA neurons in the substantia nigra and consequent denervation of the striatum
Term
DA has ___ receptor subtypes ___ to ___
Definition
five, D1 to D5
Term
All DA receptor subtypes are ____ which means
Definition
metabotropic, they interact with G proteins and function via second messengers
Term
D_ and D_ are similar (D_ like receptors)
Definition
1,5,1 excitatory metabotropic
Term
D_, D_ and D_ are a separate family (D_ like receptors)
Definition
2,3,4,2 inhibitory metabotropic
Term
NE neurons in the brain are in the ____ and _____
Definition
pons, medulla of the brainstem
Term
Locus Coeruleus (LC) in the pons:
Definition
a dense collection of NE neurons corresponding roughly to the A6 cell group, the fibers extend to nearly all areas of the forebrain, as well as the cerebellum and spinal cord.
Term
Adrenergic agonists or antagonists are frequently used in treatment of...
Definition
non-widespread distribution of adrenergic receptors in peripheral organs, agonists that activate both α- and β-receptors are used to treat bronchial asthma, but there are undesirable side effects
Term
Tryptophan reduction diet leads to...
Definition
lower serotonin levels
Term
Terminal autoreceptors directly inhibit _____
Definition
5-HT release
Term
Somatodendritic autoreceptors indirectly inhibit...
Definition
release by slowing the rate of neuron firing
Term
5-HT release is stimulated by a drug family based on....
Definition
amphetamine
Term
Para-choloroamphetamine mainly used...
Definition
experimentally
Term
Fenfluramine was prescribed for...
Definition
appetite suppression is obese patients. potent inhibitor of the re-uptake of 5-HT into nerve terminals
Term
3,4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is used...
Definition
recreationally, acts on VMAT (inhibition) and trace amine associated receptor (TAAR1)- if the vesicles no longer fill Monoamines remain in cell cytosol, TAAR1 activation causes the transporters (DAT, SERT, NET) to run backwards dumping internal contents into cleft
Term
Almost all serotonergic neurons in the CNS are found...
Definition
along the midline of the brainstem, associated with raphe nuclei
Term
The _____ and ________ give rise to most of the serotonergic fibers in the ______
Definition
dorsal, median raphe nuclei, forebrain
Term
5-HT-containing cell groups are designated with a ___
Definition
"B"
Term
There are at least __ receptors for 5-HT; most are ______
Definition
14, metabotropic
Term
5-HT1A receptors are concentrated in the ___ ____ ____ and ____(4 parts). They reduce ____ synthesis by_______
Definition
hippocampus, septal area, amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus. cAMP synthesis, inhibiting adenyl cyclase or increase opening of K+ channels and membrane hyperpolarization
Term
The ________ is necessary for contextual fear conditioning; it has a high level of _____ _______ _______
Definition
hippocampus, 5-HT1A postsynaptic receptors
Term
Activation of __________ ______ receptors leading to memory impairment is likely related to...
Definition
hippocampal 5-HT1A, the action of this receptor to hyperpolarize and inhibit firing of, postsynaptic cells
Term
______ receptors are expressed most highly in the basal ganglia and the hippocampus, these receptors...
Definition
5-HT4, depolarize postsynaptic cells and thus have an excitatory effect
Term
5-HT4 partial agonists may enhance...
Definition
memory and learning, but also depend on facilitation of cholinergic transmission in the cortex and the hippocampus
Term
Highest levels of ______ receptors are found in the striatum, nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercles
Definition
5-HT6
Term
Curare (mixture), a toxin in the bark of several South American plants, has been used by native tribes for centuries in poison arrows for hunting and fighting. It causes
Definition
muscular paralysis
Term
Curare blocks a type of receptor for the neurotransmitter....
Definition
acetylcholine (ACh)
Term
ACh is formed from
Definition
choline and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), catalyzed by choline aceytyltransferase (ChAT)
Term
Rate of ACh synthesis is controlled by
Definition
availability of precursors, rate of cell firing
Term
No selective inhibitors of _____ have been found, and large doses of ______ to treat disorders like Alzheimer's disease have not been effective
Definition
ChAT, choline
Term
Levels of ACh are controlled by ______ which...
Definition
acetylcholinesterase (AChE), breaks it down to choline and acetic acid
Term
______ in presynaptic cells can metabolize excess ACh that may have been synthesized
Definition
AChE
Term
On the membrane of the postsynaptic cell. ______ breaks down _____ after release into the synaptic cleft
Definition
AChE, ACh
Term
Some compounds cause irreversible inhibition of ______ weak versions are used as _________, very toxic varieties are "nerve gasses"
Definition
AChE, insecticides
Term
ACh accumulation and overstimulation of ___________ synapses thoughout the CNS PNS lead to __________ and ___________
Definition
cholinergic, muscle paralysis, death by asphyxiation
Term
During the Gulf War and the invasion of Iraq, ______ ________ tablets were given to soldiers who might be exposed to Sarin
Definition
pyridostigmine bromide (PB)
Term
The two families of cholinergic receptors are:
Definition
Nicotinic- respond to the agonist nicotine, an alkaloid found in the tobacco plant. Muscarinic- respond to muscarine, an alkaloid first isolated from fly agaric mushrooms (amanita muscaria)
Term
Anticholinergic drugs such as orphenadrine (Norflex) benzotropine mesylate (cogentin) and trihexyphenidyl (Artane) are sometimes prescribed instead of ______ in early stages of ________ disease
Definition
L-DOPA, Parkinson's
Term
The ______ ______ _____ ______ neurons are in several brain areas _____ is the origin of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and other limbic system structures.
Definition
Basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS), BFCS
Term
Depolarization block occurs
Definition
the resting potential of the membrane is lost, and the cell cannot be excited until the agonist is removed and the membrane repolarized
Term
parasympatho-mimetic agent (such as muscarine, pilocarpine and arecoline) poisoning leads to
Definition
exaggerated parasympathetic responses- lacrimation, salivation, sweating, pinpoint pupils, severe abdominal pain, painful diarrhea. high doses can cause cardiovascular collapse, convulsions, coma and death
Term
_______ _______ use glutamate as the transmitterand have even greater concentrations of glutamate
Definition
glutamatergic neurons
Term
Glutamate is synthesized from _____ by _____ requires energy from ATP
Definition
glutamine, glutaminase
Term
Three different vesicular glutamate transporters move glutamate into synaptic vesicles, these are called
Definition
VGLUT1, VGLUT2 and VGLUT3
Term
Glutamate-
Definition
the ionized form of the amino acid glutamic acid
Term
Glutamate and aspartate are...
Definition
excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters
Term
These transporters take up both glutamate and asparatate:
Definition
excitatory amino acid transporters EAAT1 to EAAT5
Term
After uptake, astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine by _______ _______
Definition
glutamine synthetase
Term
Downregulation of EAAT2 could play a role in the development of _____ _____ _____ and other neuropathological conditions
Definition
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Term
AMPA and kainte receptors:
Definition
flow of Na+ depolarizes
Term
NMDA receptors:
Definition
allow both Na+ and Ca2+ to pass; Ca2+ also activates a second messenger, releases Magnesium block once AMPA has a sufficient electrical charge
Term
High levels of glutamate can...
Definition
be toxic to nerve cells
Term
Injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in young mice...
Definition
damages the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is important in the endocrine system
Term
Excitotoxicity hypothesis
Definition
prolonged depolarization of receptive neurons leads to their eventual damage or death
Term
The major inhibitory amino acid transmitters are _______ and ________
Definition
GABA and glycine
Term
GABA is activated by what element?
Definition
Chlorine (Cl-)
Term
GABA is synthesized only by _______ neurons; its only function is as a NT
Definition
GABAnergic
Term
GABA is made from ____ catalyzed by ______ _____ ________
Definition
glutamate, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
Term
GABA is metabolized to glutamate and succinate by ______ __________
Definition
GABA aminotranserase (GABA-T)
Term
GABA is removed from the synaptic cleft by three different transporters:
Definition
GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3
Term
GABA moves into vesicles via _______ ______ ________
Definition
Vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT)
Term
GABAa receptor is
Definition
ionotropic
Term
GABAb receptor is
Definition
metabotropic
Term
GABAa receptor channels allow ___ to move from outside to inside the cell. this causes... Each receptor consists of 5 subunits, of various combinations of the 4 types:
Definition
Cl-, hyperpolarization and inhibition of the postynaptic cell, α, β, γ, δ.
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