Term
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Definition
| Reduce all sensations by depressing the central nervous system (CNS) and produce unconsciousness. |
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Term
| How do you prepare opium from a poppy? |
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Definition
| The unripe opium poppy capsule has been sliced and the crude opium is dripping from the incision. |
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Term
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Definition
| An abstract of the poppy plant and the source of a family of drugs known as opiates. |
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Term
| What have opiates been used for? |
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Definition
| Medicine and recreational purposes. |
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Term
| Who first expressed the recreational purposes of opiates? |
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Definition
| Homer in his epic, The Odyssey. |
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Term
| What is the Harrison Narcotics Act? |
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Definition
| Passed in 1914. Required physicians to report their prescriptions for opiates. |
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Term
| What is the principal active ingredient in opium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ingredients are in opium other than morphine? |
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Definition
| Codeine, thebaine, narcotine, and various others. |
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Term
| What is the difference between the opiate codeine and morphine? |
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Definition
| Morphine has an extra HO where codeine has a CH3O |
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Term
| What are benefits of codeine in comparison to morphine? |
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Definition
| The minor molecular difference has less analgesic effects and fewer side effects than morphine. But it's still a potent cough suppresent. |
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Term
| Why are heroin and morphine so similar? |
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Definition
| The pharmocological effects are essentially identical because heroin is converted to morphine in the brain. |
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Term
| Why does heroin seem so much more dangerous than morphine? |
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Definition
| Heroin is 2-4 times more potent when injected. When taken orally, the two are almost equal in potency. |
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Term
| What are partial agonists? |
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Definition
| Drugs that bind readily (high affinity)to the receptors but produce less biological effect (low efficacy). |
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Term
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Definition
| Such as naloxone and nalorphine. Structures similar to those of the opiates but produce no pharmacological activity on their own. |
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Term
| What are mixed agonist-antagonists? |
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Definition
| Effective agonists at some opioid receptors but act as antagonists at others. |
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Term
| What are the natural narcotics? |
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Definition
| Opium, morphine, codeine, thebaine. |
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Term
| What are the semisynthetic narcotics? |
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Definition
| Heroin, hydromorphine, oxycodone, etorphine. |
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Term
| What are totally synthetic narcotics? |
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Definition
| pentazocine, merperidine, fentanyl, methadone, LAAM, propoxyphene |
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Term
| What are the endogenous opioids? |
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Definition
| Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a high affinity for morphine and related opiate drugs, |
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Term
| What are the S receptors? |
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Definition
| Have a distribution similar to that of u-receptors but are more restricted. Found primarily in forebrain. |
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Term
| What are the k-receptors? |
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Definition
| Initially identified by high-affinity binding to ketocyclazocine which is an opiate analog that produces hallucinations and dysphoria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic material for each of the three receptor types was isolated, it was inserted into cells. |
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Term
| When were the endogenous ligands founded? |
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Definition
| 1975. For the opiate receptors. Identified as small peptides that are cleaved from larger propeptides manufactured in the soma. |
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