Term
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Definition
| What cells transmit information in the form of electrical signaling? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of cells form interacting neural circuits and are involved in conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making, and cognition? |
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Term
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Definition
| What types of cells convert physical stimuli into electrical impulses? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of cells direct biobehavioral responses in situations of physical risk? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of cells provide metabolic support, protection, and insulation for neurons? |
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Term
| Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cells, and Oligodendroglia |
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Definition
| What are the (4) types of glial cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| What two types of glial cells perform phagocytosis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of glial cells provide structural support, maintain the ionic and chemical environment, perform phagocytosis and store nutrients to provide energy for neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of glial cells perform phagocytosis and the immune system of the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of glial cells form a myelin sheath on the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system, release growth factors following neuron damage, and provide channels to guide neurons to their targets? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of glial cells form the myelin sheath of neurons in the central nervous system and inhibit the regrowth of axons following neuron damage? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the name of the fatty insulation surrounding axons and created by glial cells? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are breaks in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated? |
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Term
| Increase speed of conduction |
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Definition
| What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? |
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Term
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Definition
| With an increase in the thickness of the myelin sheath comes _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the phenomenon called when a single neuron receives and integrates information from many neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the phenomenon called when a single neuron transmits information to a few (but up to thousand of) other neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the purpose of dendritic spines? |
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Term
| rapid change in shape/constantly modified |
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Definition
| What characteristic of dendrites and their spines allow humans to continuously learn new associations? |
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Term
| prolonged synaptic activity |
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Definition
| What can lead to changes in the number, size, and shape of dendritic spines? |
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Term
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Definition
| What word can be used to describe the dendritic spines of individuals with some mental impairments compared to those without? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are modified in response to prolonged stress or chronic drug use that change whether or not a protein is made? |
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Term
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Definition
| What word can be used to describe changes in genetic expression without affecting chromosomal DNA? |
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Term
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Definition
| Methylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation are examples of _____ modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| What purpose do epigenetic modifications serve in a developing fetus? |
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Term
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Definition
| Epigenetics can be affected by _____, which is why monozygotic twins who aren't raised together can have different disorders, be more susceptible to addiction than their sibling, or become clinically depressed following abuse or neglect. |
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Term
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Definition
| What process uses a network of microtubules and neurofilaments (cytoskeleton) and motor proteins to transport proteins to other parts of the cell? |
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Term
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Definition
| What ions are needed for neuronal function and must use ion channel to move? |
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Term
| ligand-gated and voltage-gated |
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Definition
| What are the two types of ion channels that are usually closed but open in response to a stimuli? |
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Term
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Definition
| What do second messengers use to regulate the state of ion channels? |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| What is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell? |
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Term
| inside is 70 mV more negative |
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Definition
| What is the difference (voltage) between the inside and the outside of a neuron? |
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Term
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Definition
| K+ ions flow freely into the cell due to _____. |
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Term
| concentration gradient, electrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| K+ ions reach their equilibrium potential when _____ is balanced with _____. |
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Term
| 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in; against |
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Definition
| What is the number and direction of ion movement facilitated by the sodium/potassium pump? In what directions are the ions moving in relation to their concentration gradient? |
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Term
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Definition
| Na+ channels opening and allowing Na+ to enter the cell results in _____. |
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Term
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Definition
The influx of what ion results in inhibition of an action potential via hyperpolarization?
What ion causes hyperpolarization by flowing out? |
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Term
| excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) |
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Definition
| _____ cause small, localized depolarizations that move the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing |
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) |
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Definition
| _____ cause small, localized hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential further from the threshold for firing |
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Term
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Definition
| Where does the integration of EPSPs and IPSPs occur? |
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Term
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Definition
| What rushes into the cell quickly during the rising phase? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the membrane potential after an action potential takes place? |
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Term
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Definition
| After an action potential, voltage-gated channels open to move ______ back out of the cell to restore the resting membrane potential. |
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Term
| Na+ channels' inability to reopen |
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Definition
| What causes the absolute refractory period? |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| What is the name for the period of time when the membrane is hyperpolarized and needs more of a stimulus to cause an action potential? |
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Term
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Definition
| How long does an action potential last? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is coded by rate of firing? |
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Term
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Definition
| What's the relationship between the size of the action potential and the amount of stimulation? |
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Term
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Definition
| Saltatory conduction jumps along the axon because action potentials are generated at _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| What piece of cellular machinery located at Nodes of Ranvier make saltatory conduction more efficient? |
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Term
| local anesthesia, anti-epileptics |
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Definition
| What are the types of drugs that are effective due to blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels? |
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Term
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Definition
| What substance in shellfish exposed to red tides causes death by suffocation due to blockage of voltage-gated Na+ channels? |
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Term
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Definition
| What substance in Japanese puffer fish causes death in less than 8 hours by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels? |
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