Term
| Oral(PO) route of administration advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
Advantages- safe, self-administered, economical; no needle related complications
Disadvantages- slow and highly variable absorption; subject to first-pass metabolism; less predictable blood levels |
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Term
| Intravenous (IV) route of administration advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
Advantages- most rapid; most accurate blood concentration
Disadvantages- overdose danger, cannot be easily reversed, requires sterile needles and medical technique |
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Term
| Intramuscular (IM) route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages- slow and even absorption
disadvantages- localized irritation at site of injection; needs sterile equipment |
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Term
| Subcutaneous (SC) route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages-slow and prolonged absorption
disadvantages- variable absorption depending on blood flow |
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Term
| Inhalation route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages- large absorption surface, very rapid onset; no injection equipment needed
disadvantages- irritation of nasal passages; inhaled small particles may damage lungs |
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Term
| Topical route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages- localized action and effects, easy to self administer
disadvantages- may be absorbed into general circulation |
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Term
| Transdermal route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages- controlled and prolonged absorption
disadvantages- local irritation; useful only for lipid-soluble drugs |
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Term
| epidural route advantages and disadvantages |
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Definition
advantages- bypasses blood-brain barrier; very rapid effect on CNS
disadvantages- not reversible, needs trained anesthesiologist; possible nerve damage |
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Term
| highest concentration of a drug will occur where? |
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Definition
| where blood flow is greatest |
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Term
| Drugs can leave capillaries through pores, even if the drugs are not ______ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ______ drugs can easily enter brain tissue, but the blood brain barrier limits movement of ______ _______ |
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Definition
| lipid soluble; ionized molecules |
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Term
| Lipid-soluble drugs are not _____ and readily pass through fatty membranes at a rate ________________________ |
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Definition
| ionized; dependent on the concentration gradient |
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Term
| Area postrema or CTZ (chemical trigger zone) location and function |
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Definition
| in the brainstem medulla, causes vomiting when toxic substances are detected in the blood |
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Term
| Median eminence location and function |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, capillary fenestrations allow hormones to move to the pituitary gland |
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Term
| it is important to know whether a drug can... |
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Definition
| cross the blood-brain barrier |
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Term
| Brain capillaries have distinct _________ they have no ______ or _______, ___________ is minimized |
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Definition
| morphology; clefts or pinocytic sites, movement of water soluble molecules is minimized |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of time required for removal of 50% of the drug (t1/2) |
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Term
| Drug competition for an enzyme |
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Definition
| elevated levels of one drug reduces metabolism of the second, causing potentially toxic levels |
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Term
| explain up-regulation and down-regulation |
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Definition
| receptor number changes to compensate for either prolonged stimulation (causing down regulation) or absence of receptor stimulation (up-regulation of receptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| has best chemical "fit" (highest affinity); attaches readily to the receptor and produces significant biological effect |
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Term
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Definition
| also fits receptors but produce no cellular effect (low efficacy) |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that compete with agonists to bind receptors but do not initiate intracellular effects, reducing effect of the agonist. competetive antagonists can be replaced by an excess of agonist |
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Term
| noncompetitive antagonists |
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Definition
| reduce effect of agonists by: binding to the receptor at a site other than the agonist binding site, disturbing the cell membrane supporting the receptor, interfering with cell processes that were initiated by the agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 drugs interact and reduce the effectiveness of both, 2 drugs may also have additive effects |
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Term
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Definition
| the combination of 2 drugs produces effects greater than the sum of their individual effects |
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Term
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Definition
| describe extent of effect (response) produced by a given drug concentration (dose) |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest dose that produces a measurable effect |
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Term
| ED50 (50% effective dose) |
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Definition
| dose that produces half the maximal effect |
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Term
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Definition
| assume all receptors are occupied |
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Term
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Definition
| dose at which 50% of the population experiences a toxic effect, comparing TD50 with ED50 helps determine appropriate doses to prevent toxic effects |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| operant conditioning may... |
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Definition
| play a part in behavioral tolerance |
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Term
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Definition
| tasks learned in the presence of a psychoactive drug may subsequently be performed better in the drugged than non-drugged state |
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Term
| sensitization (reverse tolerance) |
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Definition
| enhancement of drug effects after repeated administration of the same dose |
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Term
| Controlled Substance Act(CSA)-(1970) |
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Definition
| established five schedules of controlled substances, and created the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that have no accepted medical use in the US and have a high abuse potential, Heroin, LSD, mescaline,marijuana, THC, MDMA |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that have a high abuse potential with severe psychic or physical dependence liability, Opium, morphine, codeine, meperidine, cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate(Ritalin), pentobarbital, PCP |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that have and abuse potential less than those in schedules 1 and 2, including compounds containing limited quantities of certain narcotics and nonnarcotic drugs, paregoric, barbiturates other than those listed in another schedule |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that have an abuse potential less than those in schedule 3, phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, Valium, Xanax |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that have an abuse potential less than those in schedule 4, consisting of preparations containing limited amounts of certain narcotic drugs generally for antitussive (cough suppressant) and antidiarrheal purposes |
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Term
| Addiction potential is influenced by |
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Definition
| its route of administration, oral or transdermal administration results in relatively slow absorption of the drug. IV injection or inhalation/smoking yields rapid drug entry into the brain and fast onset of drug action |
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Term
| As duration of action increases, addictiveness _______. As speed of onset decreases, addictiveness ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most abused drugs act as ________ ________ |
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Definition
| positive reinforcers, consuming the drug strengthens whatever preceding behavior was performed |
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Term
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Definition
| the positive experience associated with the drug |
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Term
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Definition
| animal associates one compartment with rewarding effect of a drug |
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Term
| Electrical self-stimulation |
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Definition
| of the brain's reward circuit on performing an operant response. The threshold is reduced when animals have been treated acutely with drugs of abuse |
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Term
| Impulsive stage of addiction |
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Definition
| binge intoxication-> pleasurable effects -> abstinence/neutral affect -> reward craving -> repeat |
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Term
| Compulsive stage of addiction |
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Definition
| prolonged intoxication -> relief -> protracted abstinence/negative affect -> relief craving -> repeat |
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Term
| Cocaine-dependent subjects experienced significant craving and a desire for a cocaine induced "rush" and even the feeling of a "cocaine high" when watching a video of a person obtaining, preparing and smoking crack cocaine, this is a result of |
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Definition
| increased activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex and decreased activation of the basal ganglia |
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Term
| self medication hypothesis: |
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Definition
| stressful life events could trigger anxiety and mood disorders, such as depression, which in turn could lead to substance use in an attempt at self medication |
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Term
| Shared etiology hypothesis |
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Definition
| certain factors (genetic and/or environmental) contribute to elevated risk of both addiction and other psychiatric disorders |
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Term
| The reward motivational circuit |
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Definition
| neural circuit responsible for acute rewarding and reinforcing effects of abused drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological, behavioral or psychological variable that is repeatedly challenged (e.g, by drug exposure) maintains stability by changing its set point |
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Term
| Other modifications produce partial agonists |
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Definition
| they bind to the receptors but have less biological effect |
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Term
| Pure antagonists such as naloxone and nalorphine are... |
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Definition
| structurally similar but have no efficacy, they can prevent or reverse the effect of opioids |
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Term
| Selective radioligands were used to identify receptor subtypes: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| have distinct distributions in the brain and spinal cord, suggesting that they mediate a wide variety of effects |
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Term
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Definition
| has a high affinity for morphine |
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Term
| Analgesia (parts of brain) |
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Definition
| medial thalamus, periaqueductal gray, median raphe, spinal cord |
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Term
| Feeding and positive reinforcement involve the |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiovascular and respiratory depression, cough control, nausea and vomiting |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| δ-receptors are predominantly found in _________, involve what functions |
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Definition
| forebrain structures; motor integration, reinforcement and cognitive function |
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Term
| Areas of overlap between δ-receptors and μ-receptors suggest... |
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Definition
| modulation of both spinal and supraspinal analgesia |
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Term
| κ-receptors have a distinct distribution in... may participate in... |
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Definition
| found in striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus and pituitary; may participate in regulation of pain perception gut motility and dysphoria |
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Term
| The presence of receptors for opium derivatives suggested... |
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Definition
| there might be endogenous opioid neurochemicals |
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Term
| In the 1970's ________ were identified |
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Definition
| endorphins- peptides that could bind to opioid receptors |
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Term
| Opipoids inhibit nerve activity in several ways: postsynaptic inhibition |
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Definition
| receptors activate a G protein that opens K+ channels to hyper-polarize the postsynaptic cells, reducing firing rates |
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Term
| Opioids inhibit nerve activity in several ways: Axoaxonic inhibition |
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Definition
| receptors activate G proteins that close Ca2+ channels, reducing the release of neurotransmitter |
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Term
| Opioids inhibit nerve activity in several ways: Presynaptic autoreceptors.... |
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Definition
| activate G proteins and reduce release of a co-localized neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate, sensory component. signals carried by myelinated Aδ neurons, which conduct action potentials rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional component. signal carried by thin and unmyelinated C fibers; transmission is slower |
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Term
| opioids micro-injected into the VTA increase... |
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Definition
| dopaminergic cell firing which subsequently increases release of dopamine within the NAcc. κ-agonists produce opposite effects on mesolimbic neurons and reduce dopaminergic activity. |
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Term
| opioids are necessary for ______ but dopamine... |
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Definition
| hedonic experience (liking), motivates you to get ready for it (wanting) |
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Term
| Methadone maintenance program |
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Definition
| the most common and effective treatment for heroin addiction |
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Term
| long term substitution of methadone for heroin... |
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Definition
| relieves drug craving and allows the addict to redirect energy away from securing the drug to more productive activities. contingency management- providing alternatives to drugs |
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Term
| methadone has ______ ______ with heroin, which |
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Definition
| cross dependence; prevents severe withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
| cross-tolerance that develops to repeated methadone use means... |
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Definition
| that the normal euphoric effects of heroin are reduced, reducing likelihood of relapse |
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Term
| a multidimensional approach includes... |
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Definition
| detoxification, pharmacological support, and group or individual counseling |
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Term
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Definition
| addicts identify the environmental cues that trigger relapse and design a behavioral response to those cues |
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