ETHANOL

"OH"

-FORMALDEHYDE

-LIVER METABOLIZES

-USED IN RESEARCH

-USED AS FUEL AND ANTIFREEZE

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

-DRINKING ALCOHOL

FERMENTATION

WHEN YEAST CONVERTS SUGAR INTO ALCOHOL

PROCESS STOPS AROUND 15% ALCOHOL AT WHICH POINT THE YEAST DIE

REQUIRED TO GET GREATER AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL

SEPERATE ALCOHOL FROM WATER CONTENT

AMOUNT OF ALCOHOL INGESTED

10% ABSORBED IN THE STOMACH

90% ABSORBED IN THE INTESTINES

FOOD IN STOMACH DELAYS ABSORPTION BECAUSE IT PREVENTS OPENING OF THE PYLORIC SPHINCTER, WHICH KEEPS THE ETHANOL IN THE STOMACH

MOVES FREELY ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANES

INTERACTS WITH WATER AND WITH FAT

MEMORY LOSS

BRAIN DAMAGE

SEDATIVE EFFECTS

ANXIETY REDUCTION

INCOORDINATION

MEMORY IMPAIRMENT

TOLERANCE AND SIGNS OF HYPEREXCITABILITY DURING WITHDRAWL (SEIZURES, TREMORS)

REINFORCEMENT

NEGATIVE AFFECT AS A SIGN OF WITHDRAWL

MILD EXCITEMENT

INCREASED TALKING

DECREASE IN STRESS AND ANXIETY

MILD EUPHORIA

INCREASED CHEERFULNESS

INCREASED LOUDNESS

BOISTEROUS

LOSS OF SELF-RESTRAINT

MEMORY AND CONCENTRATION BECOME IMPAIRED

SLEEPINESS MAY ENSUE

NAUSEA

VOMITING

LETHARGY

STUPOR

BLACKOUTS

COMA

DEATH

DEPRESSANT

DECREASED INHIBITION

(BECAUSE IT ACTIVATES THE GABA SYSTEM AND GABA IS INHIBITORY)

VERY DIFFUSIBLE

DISSOLVES IN LIPID MEMBRANES

INCREASE GABA TRANSMISSION AND DECREASE ACTIVITY OF NMDA(GLUTAMATERGIC RECEPTOR) CHANNELS

AFFECTS THE DOPAMANERGIC PATHWAY

ANY DRUG THAT DOES THIS TO THE DOPAMANERGIC PATHWAY IS GOING TO BE ADDICTIVE

COCAINE

AMPHETAMINES

MDMA

AMPHETAMINE CONGENERS

PLANT-DERIVED STIMULANTS

CAFFEINE

NICOTINE

REWARD PATHWAY (NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS AND VENTRAL TEGMENTUM)

FONTAL LOBES

DIFFUSE EFFECTS THROUGHOUT THE BRAIN

LEAF

PURIFIED=SNORTED

COCAINE FREE BASE=SMOKED

LONG LIST....=VERY DANGEROUS USES ETHER

CRACK COCAINE=LESS DANGEROUS, LESS EXPENSIVE AND LESS PURE. OMITS STEPS USING ETHER

STIMULANT EFFECTS RELATED TO MOOD AND AROUSAL

INDIRECT ACTIVATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM VIA DOPAMINERGIC AND NORADRENERGIC REUPTAKE BLOCKADE

WITHDRAWL EFFECTS OF COCAINE

"CRASH"=AN ABRUPT LOSS OF ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH A DECREASED AMOUNT OF DRUG IN THE BLOOD STREAM

SEVERE CRAVING

**COCAINE CONNECTS TO THE DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER AND BLOCKS THE TRANSPORTATION OF DOPAMINE THROUGH THE CELLS**

SNORTED

TAKEN ORALLY

SMOKED

INJECTED

DO NOT NEED TO BE IN FREE BASE TO BE SMOKED

SYMPATHOMIMETIC(MIMIC THE EFFECTS OF EPINEPHRINE, NOREPINEPHRINE AND DOPAMINE)

LOSS OF APPETITE

METHAMPHETAMINES ARE NEROTOXIC

PROLONGED USE CAN LEAD TO AMPHETAMINE PSYCHOSIS-INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA

FOUND IN PLANTS, HAS BEEN USED AS AN EASTERN REMEDY FOR ASTHMA

WHY EPHEDRINE WAS BANNED

USED AS A DIET DRUG

USED FOR ENERGY PURPOSES

CAUSED CARDIOVASCULAR DEATHS

PROB BECAUSE OF THE SYMPATHOMIMETIC EFFECTS OF EPHEDRINE

ILLEGAL, MIND-ALTERING DRUGS

REDUCE PAIN WITHOUT PRODUCING UNCONSCIOUSNESS

SENSE OF RELAXATION AND CAN INDUCE SLEEP

OPIUM HAS BEEN USED THERAPEUTICALLY FOR CENTURIES

TYPICALLY TREATED PAIN, COUGH AND DIARRHEA

PARTIAL AGONIST:BIND TO THE RECEPTOR, BUT DO NOT PRODUCE A FULL BIOLOGICAL EFFECT

PURE ANTAGONIST: BIND TO THE RECEPTOR, BUT PRODUCE NO BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE

MIXED AGONIST-ANTAGONIST: ACT AS AGONISTS AT SOME OPIOD RECEPTORS AND ANTAGONISTS AT OTHERS

TYPICALLY SMOKED OR INJECTED WHEN USED ILLEGALLY

ORAL OR IV FOR THERAPEUTIC

MORPHINE DOES NOT CROSS THE BBB WELL, BUT ALL OPIATES CROSS THE PLACENTAL BARRIER QUITE WELL

ELATION OR EUPHORIA (FROM SMOKING OR INJECTING)

CAN CAUSE NAUSEA AND VOMITING DUE TO BAINSTEM EFFECTS

VERY HIGH DOSES OF OPIATES

CAUSES CONSTIPATION

THEY HAVE GI EFFECTS BUT DO NOT CROSS THE BBB, PREVENTING ANY CNS EFFECTS

CONSTIPATION IS THE MAJOR EFFECT OF OPIATES TO WHICH TOLERANCE DOES NOT DEVELOP

OPIATES AND REINFORCEMENT

TOLERANCE TO ANALGESIC EFFCTS OCCURS VERY RAPIDLY

CONSTIPATION AND PINPOINT PUPILS ARE VERY RESISTANT TO TOLERANCE

TOLERANCE PRODUCED BY REPEATED USE OF ONE DRUG LEADS TO TOLERANCE TO OTHER DRUGS THAT HAVE A SIMILAR MECHANISM OF ACTION

-FOR EXAMPLE, CHRONIC HEROIN USE LEADS TO DECREASED PHYSIOLOICAL RESPONSE TO CODEINE

INCREASE IN DRUG EFFECTS WITH REPEATED USE

MOTIVATION FOR THE DRUG INCREASES WITH REPEATED USE (THE CRAVING)

HOWEVER, THE DRUG LIKING ASPECT DEVELOPS TOLERANCE AS WELL

DETOX-METHADONE IS USED FOR THIS

IT DOES NOT PRODUCE THE SAME HIGH AS HEROIN OR MORPHINE, BUT ACTS UPON RECEPTORS IN SUCH A WAY THAT WITHDRAWAL IS LESS SEVERE.

IT IS LONG ACTING, WHICH HELPS TO REDUCE WITHDRAWL

GOAL IS TO USE METHADONE TO REDUCE THE WITHDRAWAL SYDROME SO THE PERSON IS ABLE TO DIRECT THEIR ATTENTION TO POSITIVE ACTIVITIES

CROSS-TOLERANCE WITH HEROIN/MORPHINE

CROSS-TOLERANCE SHOULD REDUCE THE ABILITY OF HEROIN/MORPHINE TO PRODUCE EUPHORIC EFFECTS

NON-COMPETITIVE ANTAGONISTS OF NMDA RECEPTORS (GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS)

THE BINDING SITE IS INSIDE THE ION CHANNEL

MOST COMMON WAT TO USE NICOTINE

EACH ONE CONTAINS 6-11 MG OF NICOTINE. 1-3 MG REACHES THE BLOODSTREAD

NICOTINE VAPORIZES AND IS DELIVERED TO THE LUNG AS "TAR" WHICH IMBUES FLAVOR

NICOTINE REACHES THE BRAIN IN ABOUT 7 SECONDS

EXCRETED IN URINE

1/2 LIFE VARIES BUT IS TYPICALLY 2 HOURS

SYMPATHOMIMETIC

CAUSE A FEELING OF RELAXATION AND CALMNESS

INCREASED ALERTNESS

REDUCES APPETITE AND INCREASES METABOLISM

ACTS ON NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS, LEADING TO INCREASED RELEASE OF EPINEPHRINE, WHICH PROVIDES THE SYMPATHOMIMETIC EFFECTS.

NICOTINE ACTIVATES THE REWARD PATHWAY, AND OTHER INGREDIENTS IN CIGARETTES MAY INHIBIT MONOAMINE OXIDASE, THUS INCREASING MONOAMONES INDIRECTLY

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS STIMULATE DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN THE MESOLIMBIC PATHWAY

DOPAMINERGIC ANTAGONISTS BLOCK ADDICTION WITH USE OF NICOTINE

SELF-HELP THERAPIES SUCH AS HOTLINES AND WEBSITES FOR WHEN YOU HAVE A CRAVING

HYPNOSIS

GROUP COUNSELING

GUM

PATCH

NASAL SPRAY

ALL REPLACE THE NICOTINE TO REDUCE WITHDRAWL

NICOTINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST

THE BEHAVIOR OF SMOKING BECOMES DISCONNECTED FROM THE REWARDING ASPECTS OF SMOKING, LEADING TO A DECREASE IN ADDICTION

ORALLY FROM BEVERAGES OR PILLS

ABSORBED WITHIN 30-60 MINS IN THE GI TRACT

AVERAGE 1/2 LIFE IS 4 HOURS

CAFFEINE EFFECTS

DIFFERENT EFFECTS AT DIFFERENT DOSES

STIMULANT EFFECT AT LOW DOSES

REDUCED ACTIVITY AT HIGH DOSES

VERY HIGH DOSES LEAD TO TENSION/ANXIETY

AT LOW DOSES INCREASED WELL BEING, ALERTNESS, ENERY, CONCENTRATION, MOTIVATION, SELF-CONFIDENCE

SOMETIMES USED AS AN ANALGESIC (PAINKILLER) AS IT MAY HELP TO ALLEVIATE PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH LOW-GRADE HEADACHES

ALSO USED FOR INFANTS WITH APNEIC EPISODES (STOP BREATHING)

TOLERANCE TO THE STIMULANT EFFECTS

WITHDRAWL INCLUDES HEADAHCES, LETHARGY, AND FATIGUE THE SAME AS THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE

TOLERANCE DEVELOPS TO WHERE CAFFEINE WILL NO LONGER INTERRUPT YOUR SLEEP

HEALTH ISSUES OF CAFFEINE

DOES NOT ACT ON CATECHOLAMINE SYSTEMS DIRECTLY

BLOCKS GABA

STIMULATES CALCIUM RELEASE IN CELLS

BLOCKS ADENOSINE (SLEEP) RECEPTORS

WHAT IS MARIJUANA

A PLANT THAT CONTAINS THE DRUG THC

CANNABIS PLANTS CONTAIN OVER 60 CANNABINOIDS WHICH ARE SUBSTANCES THAT ACT IN THE SAME FASHION AS THC, THIS IS WHAT MAKES MARIJUANA A PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG

DRIED CRUSHED LEAVES TO BE SMOKED OR COOKED IN FOODS

SMOKING PROVIDES A MUCH GREATER PSYCHOACTIVE RESPONSE

INCREASED POTENCY IF YOU PREVENT SEED FORMATION

HASHISH IS ALSO POTENT, AS IT IS A DRIED EXTRACT

PHARMACOLOGY OF THC

ABSORBED IN THE LUNGS

BLOOD LEVELS INCREASE RAPIDLY

DOES NOT LIKE WATER

DOES LIKE FAT

2/3 OF METABOLITES EXCRETED IN FECES, 1/3 IN URINE

INTERACTS EXTENSIVELY WITH FAT, LEADING TO 1/2 LIFE OF 20-30 HOURS

MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF THC

CANNABINOID RECEPTORS PRESENT IN THE CNS

G-PROTEIN COUPLED

INHIBIT CAMP FORMATION AND PREVEN OPENING OF VOLTAGE-GATED CALCIUM CHANNELS

EFFECTS OF CANNABINOIDS

*4 STAGES

-BUZZ

-HIGH

-STONED

-COME-DOWN

PATIENST IN STUDIES OF KETAMINE EXPERIENCE POSITIEV SYMPTOS SUCH AS HALLUCINATIONS, DISORGANIZED THOUGHT AND BIZARRE THOUGHT CONTENT

ALSO EXPERIENCE NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS SUCH AS BLUNTED AFFECT, DECREASED EMOTION, AND MOTOR RETARDATION

OCCURS AT HIGHER LEVELS

CALMNESS, RELAXATION, DREAMLIKE STATE

SLOWING OF PERCEPTION OF TIME, INCREASED AUDITORY AND VISUAL PERCEPTION

ANTAGONISTS OF CANNABINOIDS RECEPTORS CAUSE?

HYPERALGESIA (INCREASED PAIN SENSITIVITY)

THESE ALSO CAUSE DECREASED APPETITE

STIMULATE FIRING OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN THE VTA

ENHANCE DOPAMINE RELEASE IN THE NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS

OPIOD RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS REDUCE CANNABINOID-INDUCED REINFORCEMENT SUGGESTING INTERPLAY BETWEEN CANNABINOIDS AND OPIATE RECEPTORS

WHAT LEADS TO MARIJUANA USE

PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE WITH ALCOHOL OR NICOTINE

GATEWAY DRUG FOR OTHER HARDER DRUGS

TOLERANCE AND MARIJUANA

EVIDENCE IS VARIABLE

IT IS UNCLEAR WHETHER THE HIGH ASSOCIATED WITH MARIJUANA USE IS DIFFERENT WHEN COMPARING CHRONIC/HEAVY USERS AS COMPARED TO LIGHT USERS

TOLERANCE DOES OCCUR IN ANIMALS

DICONTINUED USE CAN RESULT IN CRAVING AND DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH WITHDRAWL

SYMPTOMS:IRRITABLITY, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, AGGRESSION, DECREASED APPETITE

CLASSICAL DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL MECHANISMS(REWARD PATHWAY) ARE LIKELY RESPONSIBLE

AMOTIVATIONAL SYNDROME-APATHY, AIMLESSNESS, LACK OF MOTIVATION, INABILTY TO PLAN LONG-TERM, DECREASED PRODUCTIVITY

AND THESE SYMPTOMS COULD BE A CAUSE FOR USE OF MARIJUANA IN THE FIRST PLACE

DEATH BY OVER DOSE HAS NEVER HAPPENED SO IT IS SAFER IN TERMS OF OVERDOSE

IT CONTAINS MORE CARCINOGENS THAN TOBACCO CIGARETTES (RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS)

THC IMPAIRS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

ANITEMETIC AGENTS(ANTI-NAUSEA AND ANTI-VOMITING) FOR PATIENTS UNDERGOING CHEMO AND RADIATION DUE TO CANCER

EFECTIVE FOR CHRONIC LOW-GRADE PAIN

FROM THE PEYOTE CACTUS

NOT USED OFTEN

TAKEN ORALLY OR SMOKED

USED AS A SNUFF....BUT MUST BE TAKEN INN CONJUNCTION WITH ANOTHER PLANT

THE PLANT WITH DMT PROVIDES THE HALLUCINOGENIC POTENTIAL

WITHOUT THE MAO INHIBITION, DMT HAS NO PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS

SYNTHETIC(MADE AT HOME)(NOT NATURAL)

AFFECTS THE SERATONIN SYSTEM

SOME THOUGHT IT WOULD WORK AS A PSYCHOTOMIMETIC, LEADING TO BETTER UNDERSTAND OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

EXAMINED AS AN AID TO PSYCHOTHERAPY

THOUGHT IT COULD BE USEFULL IN RECOVERING REPRESSED MEMORIES

LOOKED AT AS BEING A POSSIBLE MIND CONTROL AGENT

HUGE IN THE 60S WITH HIPPIES LOOKING TO "EXPAND THEIR MINDS"

STILL USED RECREATIONALLY

DEVELOPS WITH 4 DAYS OF DAILY DOSE

NOT CONSIDERED TO HAVE ADDICTIVE POTENTIAL

USE CAN RESULT IN A BAD TRIP, FLASHBACKS, PSYCHOTIC BREAKDOWNS

LOSS OF MENTAL CONTACT WITH ENVIRONMENT FOR 10 MINS

CALLED DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHESIA

CAN ENTER A STATE CALLED THE K-HOLE WHERE THERE IS A LOSS OF SENSE OF TIME, SPACE, BODY AWARENESS AND DISSOCIATION FROM THE REAL WORLD

SYNTHESIZED TO FIND A LESS TOXIC DRUG WITH SIILAR EFFECTSAS PCP

LESS POTENT AND SHORTER ACTING THAN PCP

USED AS AN ANESTHETIC FOR CERTAIN PROCEDURES AND IN CHILDREN

CAN USE ANY MODE OF ADMINISTRATION

ANESTHETIC DOES OF PCP

-DETACHED FROM BODY

-VERTIGO

-NUMBNESS

-DREAMLIKE STATE

AFFECTIVE RESPONSES TO PCP

-APATHY

-LONLINESS

-HOSTILITY

-EUPHORIA

-INTOXICATION

PCP PRODUCES COGNITIVE DISORIENTATION

-DIFFICULTY MAINTAINING CONCENTRATION/FOCUS

-INABILTY TO UTILIZE ABSTRACT THINKING

FOUND IN COUGH SYRUPS

HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PRODUCE PCP LIKE EFFECTS

GAS AT ROOM TEMP

VOLATILE LIQUID (EASILY VAPORIZED)

INHALED BY SNIFFING FUMES, INHALING HAS FROM A BALLOON OR RAG

DO NOT BELONG TO OTHER CLASSES OF ABUSED SUBSTANCES (SUCH AS THC)