Term
| Who wrote the drinker's dictionary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of alcohol is safe to drink in moderation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which form of alcohol could cause blindness? |
|
Definition
methyl alcohol
found in antifreeze and moonshine |
|
|
Term
| How does proof equate to percent alcohol? |
|
Definition
proof is double the actual % of alcohol
ex: 100 proof = 50% alcohol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alcohol production using yeast cells and some type of starch such as grain or fruit
beer and wine |
|
|
Term
| what is the upper percentage of alcohol produced with fermentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
distilling process that separates alcohol from mixture to obtain higher concentrations
liquor and spirits |
|
|
Term
| what is the upper percentage of alcohol produced with distillation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a standard drink (technically)? |
|
Definition
14 grams of alcohol per 100 solution
whiskey = 1.5 ounces
beer = 16 ounces |
|
|
Term
| Which constitutional amendment prohibited the sale of alcohol? Which amendment rescinded this amendment? |
|
Definition
18th amendment prohibited sale of alcohol
21st amendment rescinded the 18th |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood alcohol concentration
number of grams of alcohol in a 100 ml volume of blood |
|
|
Term
| Describe the alcohol metabolism pathway |
|
Definition
| alcohol is broken down in the stomach by dehydrogenase into acetaldehyde. the acetaldehyde is broken down in the liver into aldehyde by dehydrogenase. Aldehyde is broken down into acetic acid and acetate which is then broken down into water and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what are the metabolites of alcohol |
|
Definition
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
acetate
water and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| Describe alcohol’s action on GABA and NMDA receptors. |
|
Definition
-alcohol binds to nmda and gaba receptors
-decrease gaba levels in VTA, increase dopamine levels in nucleus accumbens.
-alcohol inhibits NMDA, allows for more chloride to enter into the cell |
|
|
Term
| chronic administration of alcohol |
|
Definition
nmda receptors increase
(more produced to compensate for those you are inhibiting by drinking) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between binge drinking and extreme drinking? |
|
Definition
binge drinking: drinking occurs in short period consisting of at least 5 drinks per day
extreme; 2-3 times as many drinks |
|
|
Term
| What is disinhibition for alcohol? |
|
Definition
weakening of behavioral control
poor risk assessment
impulsiveness
dangerous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urge to consume alcohol after one or two drinks of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| At what BACs is breaking speed compromised? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain acute tolerance for alcohol. |
|
Definition
| less behavioral impairment with declining BAC than increasing |
|
|
Term
| Define the two types of alcohol addiction. |
|
Definition
Type I: older than 25 years old, drinking related to issues in life. temporary
Type II: younger than 25, high genetic risk and poor impulse control |
|
|
Term
| What is a key difference between 12-step programs and cognitive-behavioral programs for alcohol addiction? |
|
Definition
12-step: never allowed to drink again
cbt: controlled drinking is allowed |
|
|
Term
| How does disulfiram reduce drinking? |
|
Definition
inhibits acetyldehyde dehydrogenase so that they get sick every time they drink
results in accumulation of acetyldehyde and causes flu-like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| How might acamprosate reduce drinking? |
|
Definition
acts like alchol at nmda and gaba receptors
reduce alcohol cravings |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hangover symptom? |
|
Definition
dehydration
headache
nausea |
|
|
Term
| When does hangover occur? What are BAC levels when hangover begins? |
|
Definition
occurs 6-8 hours after drinking stops
occurs when BAC levels reach 0 |
|
|
Term
| In addition to being a drug, what does GHB also serve as? |
|
Definition
| naturally occuring metabolite of gaba |
|
|
Term
| Name a sinister use and legitimate use for GHB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the two prodrugs for GHB. |
|
Definition
butanediol
gbl (gamma butyrolactone) |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons why GHB is used sexual assault? |
|
Definition
magnifies effects of alcohol
short half-life (30 mins)
only detectable for 8 hrs after |
|
|
Term
| name three structures where GHB receptors are found. |
|
Definition
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Name three classes of inhalants. |
|
Definition
alkyl nitrate
nitrous oxide
toluene |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common volatile solvent abused? Where is this solvent found? |
|
Definition
toluene
airplane cements
glues
aerosol cans |
|
|
Term
| Who are the most common abusers of inhalants? What are two practical features of inhalants for these individuals? |
|
Definition
adolescents; below 8th grade
easy to obtain and legal + effects wear off quickly |
|
|
Term
| What are three methods of inhalant use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the syndrome that could develop from inhalant overdose? How is it treated? |
|
Definition
sudden sniffing death syndrome
treated with oxygen |
|
|
Term
| What type of brain damage can occur from inhalant use? |
|
Definition
neural brain damage
cortical white matter degeneration and ventrical enlargement |
|
|
Term
| Name two naturally occurring opiates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is likely reason why heroin is more often abused than morphine? |
|
Definition
| heroin enters brain more rapidly because more lipid solluble |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main classes of opioids, based upon receptor actions? |
|
Definition
pure opioid receptor agonist
pure opioid receptor atagonist
partial agonist |
|
|
Term
| How do opioids elevate dopamine release? |
|
Definition
| elevates dopamine in nucleus accumbens |
|
|
Term
| Describe the four phases of subjective effects for opioids. |
|
Definition
1. rush (rapid euphoria)
2. high (positive feelings)
3. nod (decrease in anxiety, light sleep)
4. straight (period of normality before withdrawal) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the four types of opioid detoxification. |
|
Definition
1. long-term; 180 days, agonist (replacement med like methadone)
2. short-term: 30 days, agonist
3. rapid detox: give antagnist and increase withdrawal effects. 10 days, given other meds to help with withdrawal effects
ultrarapid: 2 days, antagonist. meds, severe withdrawal. emergecy room |
|
|
Term
| Which part of a cannabis plant contains the greatest concentration of THC? |
|
Definition
| trichomes; stems and leaves |
|
|
Term
| What is synthetic marijuana? |
|
Definition
thc added to it. chemicals. sold as incese
lab created |
|
|
Term
| From a pharmacokinetic standpoint, why might someone prefer to inhale THC rather than consume it orally? |
|
Definition
| first pass metabolism occurs if consumed orally, so you get half of the drug |
|
|
Term
| What are the two endocannabinoids? Which cannabinoid receptor is found in the brain? |
|
Definition
anandamide
2-AG
cb1 receptor fond in brain |
|
|
Term
| In which structures of the brain might CB1 receptor activation lead to pain relief? Reward? Disruption of movement? |
|
Definition
pain relief: cerebral cortex, thalamus, and spinal cord
reward: nucleus accumbens, VTA
movement: basal ganglia and cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| What is the amotivational syndrome? |
|
Definition
persisting lack of motivation to engage in productive activities
weed |
|
|
Term
| What are the three general stages for the subjective effects of cannabinoids? |
|
Definition
1. buzz: light-headed, dizzy
2. high: euphoric
3. stoned: calm, relaxed |
|
|
Term
| What does tolerance occur for during cannabinoid use? |
|
Definition
tolerance to behavioral and subjective effects
memory impairment, motor coordination, accelerated time passage |
|
|
Term
| Describe four medical uses for marijuana that are actually supported by scientific evidence. |
|
Definition
1. cancer; reduce nausea
2. unhealthy weightloss; appetite
3. intraoccular pressure; decrease eye pressure
4. autoimmune diseases like HIV |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder? |
|
Definition
major depressive; lasts at least 2 weeks. more symptoms
dysthmic disorder; depressed mood lasts at least 2 years |
|
|
Term
| What are the third most-prescribed drugs in the U.S.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the monoamine hypothesis for depression? |
|
Definition
| low levels of MAO in depression |
|
|
Term
| How do MAO inhibitors treat depression, and what is an adverse effect related to these drugs? How might newer inhibitors avoid this adverse effect? |
|
Definition
MAO inhibitors prevent breakdown of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine
adverse effect: cheese reaction.
can avoid cheese reaction by acting mainly in brain |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of action for tricyclic antidepressant drugs? |
|
Definition
| block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of action for SSRIs? |
|
Definition
| blocks reuptake of serotonin |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of action for SNRIs? |
|
Definition
| inhibits reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the general adverse effects for SSRIs and SNRIs? (list 3) |
|
Definition
serotonin syndrome
serotonin discontinuation syndrome
sexual side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
agitation
restlessness
disturbances in cognitive functioning
hallucinations |
|
|
Term
| serotonin discontinuation syndrome |
|
Definition
sensory disturbances
sleep disturbances
flu-like symptoms
G.I. effects |
|
|
Term
| sexual side effects of SSRIs and SRNIs |
|
Definition
erectile dysfunction
inability to orgasm
loss of sex drive |
|
|
Term
| Which is more effective: SSRI or SRNI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three limitations of antidepressant drug treatment or development. |
|
Definition
response time
treatment resistance
placebo effect |
|
|
Term
| Name three mechanisms of action important for antidepressant drugs. |
|
Definition
1. increase serotonin levels
2. increase dopamine transmission
3. neuronal growth after long-term treatment |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of bipolar disorder? What might be a third type of bipolar? |
|
Definition
Type I: severe mania with depression
Type II: hypomania and depression
Type III: antidepressant drugs cause some patients to shift into a manic state. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common mood stabilizer? What are the concerns and challenges of prescribing this drug? |
|
Definition
lithium
adverse effects: nausea, vomit, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is often added to an antidepressant drug for the treatment of bipolar disorder? |
|
Definition
| atypical antipsychotic drug |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of anxiety disorders? |
|
Definition
1. panic disorder
2. specific phobia
3. social phobia
4. OCD
5. ptsd |
|
|
Term
| Which anxiety disorder may not be dependent upon the amygdala? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the first drugs to treat anxiety called? Name two reasons that led to discontinuing their use for anxiety. |
|
Definition
first drugs for anxiety = barbiturates
discontinued because of abuse potential and can develop tolerance. inhibits medulla |
|
|
Term
| What was the first benzodiazepine drug that was developed. |
|
Definition
| librium (chlordiazepoxide) |
|
|
Term
| What are some benzodiazepines considered short-acting while others are considered long-acting? |
|
Definition
| long-acting has active metabolites and effects can be felt longer |
|
|
Term
| What is the abuse potential for benzodiazepines? |
|
Definition
| low abuse potential for benzodiazepines |
|
|
Term
| What types of effects occur from activating the BZI site versus the BZII site? |
|
Definition
BZII:
-cortex (decrease alerness, cognitive functions)
-hypothalamus (decrease anxiety, stress)
-amygdala (lower anxiety)
BZI:
-Thalamus (lower sensory processing, cortical arousal, stop seizures) -substantia nigra (lower cortical arousal, stop seizures)
-cerebellum (decrease balance and coordination) |
|
|
Term
| BZI affects what parts of brain? |
|
Definition
cortex
hypothalamus
amygdala |
|
|
Term
| BZII affects what parts of brain? |
|
Definition
thalamus
substantia nigra
cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| How does buspirone (BuSpar) act in order to reduce anxiety? |
|
Definition
| partial agonist for sertotonin-1A receptor |
|
|
Term
| How do antidepressant drugs reduce anxiety? |
|
Definition
| ssri blocks serotonin reuptake and increases serotonin in synaptic cleft |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| positive (i.e. hallucinations, delusions, racing thoughts), negative (i.e. apathy, lack of emotion, poor or nonexistant social functioning), and cognitive (disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating and/or following instructions, difficulty completing tasks, memory problems). |
|
|
Term
| About how many patients with schizophrenia are treatment resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diminished capacity to filter out unimportant stimuli in environment
misperceptions of environment, contributes to delusional behavior |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast typical versus atypical antipsychotic drugs. |
|
Definition
typical: block/antagonize dopamine-2 receptors.
atypical:first-line treatments, high efficacy for negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. no extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Term
| What receptor appears important for antipsychotic drugs? How do they act at this receptor? What is an adverse effect associated with this receptor? |
|
Definition
dopamine-2 receptor
antagonize receptor
adverse effects; agranulocytosis (reduce white blood cells like drug induced aids) |
|
|
Term
| What other receptor actions are found for atypical antipsychotic drugs? |
|
Definition
too much dopamine in nucleus accumbens
1. decreasing DA release fails to excite glutamate neurons in prefrontal cortex
2. decreasing glutamate release fails to excite mesocortical DA neuron activity in VTA
3. decrease in glutamate release fails to excite GABA in nucleus accumbens
4. decrease in GABA release fails to diminish mesolimbic DA activity in VTA
5. excessive DA release occurs in nucleus accumbens
DA from VTA -> prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| What was a unique adverse effect found for clozapine? |
|
Definition
| agranulocytosis; drug induced aids |
|
|
Term
| at what BAC does intoxication occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what BAC does stupor occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what BAC does blackout occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what BAC does death occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is FAS? About how many alcoholic women does this occur for? |
|
Definition
| fetal alcohol syndrome: occurs in 30-50% of infants born to alcoholic omen |
|
|
Term
| What do MRI scans show for chronic users of inhalants? |
|
Definition
below average scores for cognitive functioning, low working memory and problem solving
white matter degeneration |
|
|
Term
| What does Julien state about chronic pain? |
|
Definition
serves no survival function
useless |
|
|
Term
| How do opioids differ from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? |
|
Definition
nonsteroidal anti-inflam: mostly affect peripheral inflammatory responses
opioids; pain inhibiting pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three families of endogenous opioids? |
|
Definition
enkephalin
dynorphin
beta endorphin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analgesia
respiratory depression
euphoria
sleep
tranquillization
decreased b.p
constipation
hypothermia
reduced sex drive |
|
|
Term
| withdrawal effects of opioids |
|
Definition
pain
hyperventilation
depression
insomnia
hostility
diarrhea
hyperthermia
spontaneous ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What have we learned about marijuana since 1990? |
|
Definition
we learned that thc binds to cannabinoid receptors in brain and peripheral system
thc mimics endogenous cannibioi |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the possible medical uses of a cannabinoid receptor antagonist, such as remonabant? |
|
Definition
1. reduce smoking of cigarettes
2. reduce alcohol consumption
3. reduce opioid and stimulant use
4. reduce drug abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gave antipsychotic drugs to particpants to measure adverse effects, quality of life, symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
induce short-term increase in serotoni and norepinephrie.
antidepressants target CREB and BDNF is also increased |
|
|
