Term
|
Definition
| drug binds to receptor and fully activates it |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds to receptor and doesn't activate it |
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Term
|
Definition
binds to receptor and possesses weaker efficacy than full agonist
fewer ions flow through channel |
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Term
|
Definition
drug binds to receptor and decreases constitutive activity of receptor
g-protein may have already been activated + the drug deactivated it and it attaches to G-protein receptor |
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Term
| What is the difference between a “positive modulator” and a “negative modulator?” |
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Definition
positive modulator: drug that increases ability of drug to activate receptor
negative modulator: drug that decreases ability of drug to activate receptor |
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Term
| Define: negative modulator |
|
Definition
| drug that decreases ability of drug to activate receptor |
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Term
| Define: positive modulator |
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Definition
| drug that increases ability of drug to activate receptor |
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Term
| What did the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1915 restrict the sale of? |
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Definition
| narcotics, cocaine, opioids |
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Term
| Describe the different schedules characterized by the Controlled Substances Act |
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Definition
Schedule I: high abuse potential, no medical use
Schedule II: high abuse potential, medical use
Schedule V: low abuse potential, medical uses |
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Term
| What are the two main considerations used to schedule a substance? |
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Definition
1. abuse potential
2. medical uses |
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Term
| Describe the two main criticisms of controlled substances scheduling: |
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Definition
1) appropriateness of drug scheduling,
2) methods used to schedule drugs |
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Term
| What approach did Nutt and colleagues (2007) propose for characterizing abused substances? |
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Definition
| had 100 researchers take drugs and rate how harmful they were (physical harm, addiction, or societal harm) |
|
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Term
| What do we refer to for a modern clinical definition of substance addiction and abuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are key distinctions between addiction and abuse? |
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Definition
Addiction: compulsive drug abuse
Abuse: does not include tolerance and dependence |
|
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Term
| How do drug addiction models differ from clinical definitions of addiction? |
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Definition
Clinical definitions: diagnose addiction, rather than explain causes
Drug Addiction Models: |
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Term
| How might we consider an addictive drug according to the disease model? |
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Definition
| addiction is a disease. addictive drugs must interrupt functions in body |
|
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Term
| Describe the opponent-process theory of drug addiction. |
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Definition
drug effects are characterized by opposing actions in the body
serve to maintain homeostasis
if opposing process effects outweigh a drug's effects, withdrawal symptoms happen |
|
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Term
| Describe the incentive salience model of drug addiction. What is the difference between craving, liking, and wanting? |
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Definition
drug addiction shifts from "liking" to "wanting" the drugs efects
wanting: Behavior directed to drug seeking.
Liking: enjoyment of drug's effects
craving: desire to use drug |
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Term
| How might stimuli lead to relapse, in an incentive salience model? |
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Definition
incentivized stimuli may serve as reminders of former drug use
stimuli engage motivational states for drug use
"REINSTATEMENT" |
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Term
| Describe the self-administration procedure |
|
Definition
| utilize drugs as reinforcers for operant responding in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| number of responses an organism's willing to emit to receive an injection of drug |
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Term
| What is reinstatement, and what might cause it? |
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Definition
after incentivized stimuli serves as a reminder of past drug abuse motivates user to do drug again
relapse |
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Term
| What is the significance of James Olds’ discover in 1954? |
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Definition
-discovered reward center
-designed operant chamber to demonstrate responding for brain stimulation near nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| How does drug abuse alter the amygdala? |
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Definition
| pairs stimuli with reinforcing effects |
|
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Term
| how does drug abuse affect hippocampus? |
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Definition
| stores contextual info related to recreational drug taking |
|
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Term
| how does drug abuse affect Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex? |
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Definition
drugs disrupt impulse control
planning/reasoning altered |
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Term
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Definition
| process aimed at ceasing intoxication and reducing withdrawal symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
Dopamine goes into VTA
and then into nucleus accumbens
gaba goes into nucleus accumbens and ihibits dopamine pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
| elicits reinforcing effects from acute drug administration |
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Term
|
Definition
exchanges addictive drug with similar, but less harmful drug
tylenol for pain, etc |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavioral therapies |
|
Definition
teaching drug-addicted individual to identify and reduce urges to use a substance
change thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
group therapy sessions where individuals interact with therapist as wel as individuals strugging with addictions
ex: 12-step program, "anonymous" programs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
increase psychomotor and sympathetic nervous system activity
improve alertness and mood |
|
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Term
| What are the general therapeutic uses for psychostimulant drugs? (4) |
|
Definition
1. ADHD
2. narcolepsy
3. obesity
4. cocaine used as local anesthetic for eye |
|
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Term
| What appear to the main type, or class, of psychostimulant found in bath salts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current schedule for bath salts in the U.S.? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does ephedra derive from? |
|
Definition
| extract of plant Ephedra Sinica |
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|
Term
| What are the two psychoactive compounds found in ephedra? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the difference between the drug “amphetamine” and the drug “d-amphetamine" ? |
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Definition
| D-Amphetamine is more effective, D stands for Dexedrine |
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Term
| What is methamphetamine synthesized from? (2) |
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Definition
| ephedrine and pseudoepedine |
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|
Term
| What is the trade name and primary use of methyphenidate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Catha edulis? What is the psychoactive agent found in this plant? |
|
Definition
Khat, Cathinones
natural amphetamine |
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Term
| Describe the general process for extracting cocaine from Erythroxylon coca leaves, including base and salt forms. |
|
Definition
1. beak down leaves into Coca Paste which contains the coca base
2. convert paste to SALT form. Add HCL to paste to make into a salt |
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Term
| How do you transform a salt into a base? |
|
Definition
| add baking soda and allow to crystalize |
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Term
| What were some of the early instrumental uses of amphetamines and cocaine? |
|
Definition
Amphetamines:
used for colds originally and then used for increasing blood pressure, ADHD, and fighting fatigue
Cocaine:
religious purposes and appetite suppression, then to enhance vigor and stamina, psychoanalysis |
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Term
| Who played a large role in making cocaine a famous drug? What was his motivation for promoting cocaine? |
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Definition
FREUD
self reports of cocaine experiences written in manuscript. used it for psychoanalysis |
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Term
| Describe the different administation routes for psychostimulant drugs. |
|
Definition
ORAL
SKIN PATCHES (lower abuse potential, long-term release)
IV: quick, potent
insuffulation
inhalation: base form of drug, crystalline heated |
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|
Term
| Among the administration routes for cocaine abuse, which offers the slowest peak onset time? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolite is produced from consuming both cocaine and alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main metabolite of cocaine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Generally speaking, which psychostimulants offer longer elimination rates and which have shorter elimination rates? |
|
Definition
Methamphetamine: 11 hours
Amphetamines: 10 hours
Methylphenadate: 2 hours
Cathinones: 1.5 hours |
|
|
Term
| List psychostimulant classes |
|
Definition
1. amphetamines
2. methamphetamines
3. cocaine
4. methylphenidate
5. cathinones |
|
|
Term
| Compare and contrast the pharmacological actions for amphetamine and cocaine. |
|
Definition
Amphetamines:
1. reverses vesicular transporter, VMAT2
2. reverses DA transporter (DAT)
Cocaine:
1. blocks vesicular transpoter (VMAT2)
2. Blocks DA transporter (DAT)
---with high doses, cocaine can also block NA+ channels and inhibit neve impulse |
|
|
Term
| What is CART? When is it produced? |
|
Definition
Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript
peptide neurotransmitter produced after psychostimulant administration
psychostimulant drug causes activation of gene for CART, leading to synthesis of CART |
|
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Term
|
Definition
mesolimbic dopamine neurons
Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What are the general physiological effects of psychostimulant drugs? (9) |
|
Definition
1. increased heart rate
2. constricts blood vessels
3. dilates pupils
4. inhibits salivation
5. inhibits digestion
6. ACTIVATE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
7. reduce nasal congestion
8. Hyperthemia
9. appetite suppression |
|
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Term
| How does a psychostimulant drug reduce nasal congestion? |
|
Definition
| constricts blood vessels in sinuses and nasal passages and opens airways |
|
|
Term
| What effects do psychostimulants have on appetite? |
|
Definition
Suppresses appetite
ANORECTIC |
|
|
Term
| effects of different doses of psychostimulants on purposeless and purposeful behavior? |
|
Definition
Lower doses: increase purposeful behavior
High doses: increase purposeLESS behavior |
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Term
| What is PURPOSEFUL behavior? |
|
Definition
1. faster lever pressing in rats
2. fast speech or completion of tasks |
|
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Term
| what is purposeLESS behavior? |
|
Definition
1. repetitive grooming in rodents
2. teeth grinding, tapping, skin picking, etc |
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Term
| What are rate-dependent effects? Describe these effects using a psychostimulant, like amphetamine, as an example. |
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Definition
Rate-Dependent effects: differences in a drug's behavioral effects as a function of pre-drug administration response rates
D-Amphetamine: decreases high response rates and increases low response rates |
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Term
| Describe the general subjective effects of low and high doses of psychostimulant drugs. |
|
Definition
Low: feelings of high energy, alertness, sense of well-being, enthusiasm, and other positive emotional effects
High Doses: "rush" and euphoria |
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Term
| What is the drug discrimination procedure? What might this be a measure of? |
|
Definition
model for addiction
training an animal to produce a particular response in a given drug state for a food reinforcer and to produce a different response in the placebo or drug-free state. |
|
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Term
| Describe the primary adverse effects of psychostimulant drugs (6) |
|
Definition
1. cardiovascular dysfunction
2. pulmonary dysfunction
3. abnormal fetal development
4. tooth decay, meth mouth
5. Formication: sensation of bugs under skin
6. hallucinations |
|
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Term
| What is meth-mouth? What might be some of the causes of meth-mouth be? |
|
Definition
tooth decay associated with methamphetamine use
activation of sympathetic nervous system reduces salivation and causes dry mouth. users consume sugar drinks |
|
|
Term
| What effects does sensitization occur for? What effects does tolerance occur for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Be able to describe the Barrett study regarding drug discrimination and training with amphetamine and haloperidol. |
|
Definition
Train rats to discriminate between drugs; 1/2 of rats are given haliperidol and others are given amphetamine
rats that are given chronic haliperidol administration pressed the amphetamine lever. chronic amphetamine = press haliperidol lever
chronic amphetamine = increase DA, causes decreased sensitivity in D2 receptors + Tolerance
chonic haliperidol: blocks D2 receptors, brain creates more D2 receptors to compensate
No amphetamine in system and not a low of D2 receptos = looks like Acute haliperidol administration
No haliperidol in system, a lot of D2 receptors = looks like acute amphetamine admin |
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Term
|
Definition
treatment for psychostimulant addiction
mild psychostimulant effects, possible safe substitute
decrease cravings, decrease depressive state |
|
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressant drugs |
|
Definition
similar actions to cocaine; possible safe substitute
block DA, norepinephrine, and serotonin reuptake |
|
|
Term
| Experimental vaccines for psychostimilant abuse (describe thought behind these approaches) |
|
Definition
cocaine vaccine
antibodies bind to drug and prevent it from penetrating blood-brain-barrier |
|
|
Term
| What is the central psychoactive ingredient in tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was tobacco traditionally used? |
|
Definition
| rolled tobacco leaves, smoked |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common form of tobacco used? |
|
Definition
| cigars and cigarettes and chew |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| small tobacco particles that contain nicotine and other chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Aside from smoking cigarettes and cigars, what is another method of tobacco smoking that is gaining popularity, particularly in the middle east? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of smokeless tobacco are available? Which product may be entering the market soon? |
|
Definition
gum that you spit out
dissolvable tobacco products; stripts, mints |
|
|
Term
| What are the smoking trends like in the U.S.? |
|
Definition
cigarettes declining since 1960s
cigars increase by 70% between 1998 and 2004 |
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary causes of death that are associated with tobacco use? |
|
Definition
1. cancer
2. cardiovascular disease
3. pulmonary disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary causes of death associated with second hand smoke? |
|
Definition
1. lung cancer
2. heat disease
3. sudden infant death syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Who led the expedition to Central America that led to the discovery of tobacco? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the name of the congressional hearings that received testimony from seven CEOs of tobacco companies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the peak absorption amount for nicotine and at what pH does this occur? How does this relate to cigarette smoke and dissolvable tobacco products? |
|
Definition
peak absorption amount of nicotine: 7%
pH of 6
cigarette smoke and dissolvable tobacco has a pH of 6 |
|
|
Term
| How might a polymorphism of the CYP-2A6 enzyme impact the metabolism of nicotine? How might a polymorphism of the CYP-2A6 enzyme affect smoking? |
|
Definition
polymorphisms decease CYP-2A6 activity and decrease nicotine metabolism
tend to be light smokers, causes to metabolize nicotine slowly |
|
|
Term
| Although the half-life of nicotine is 2 hours, how does this compare between nonsmokers and smokers? |
|
Definition
| chronic smokers eliminate nicotine 30% faster than nonsmokers |
|
|
Term
| Explain, and be able to illustrate, the process of nicotinic receptor desensitization. |
|
Definition
1. prior to nicotinic receptor activation no agonist bonds to receptor, channels closed
2. during activation: nicotine binds to receptor and channels open; NA+ and K+ enters
3. Desensitization period: channels close and no longer responsive to nicotine. |
|
|
Term
| Where are α4β2 nicotinic receptors found and where are α7 nicotinic receptors found? |
|
Definition
Alpha-4 Beta-2: VTA
Alpha-7: hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| In laboratory rats, what happens to locomotor activity after an acute administration of nicotine compared to chronic administration of nicotine? |
|
Definition
| chronic use = increase locomotor activity |
|
|
Term
| Describe the cognitive effects of nicotine. |
|
Definition
| improves performance in a variety of cognitive tasks |
|
|
Term
| Name a pharmacological action caused by other chemicals found in tobacco. How might this action contribute to nicotine’s actions and effects? |
|
Definition
additives in cigaettes inhibit CYP2A5 and CYP2A6, hese chemicals could decrease smokers’ metabolism of nicotine and maintain higher blood levels (thus increasing smokers’ exposure to nicotine by slowing degradation of nicotine in the bloodstream).
makes person keep smoking a cigarette, even after nicotine has taken effect |
|
|
Term
| What might the impact of nicotine be on Alzheimer’s Disease? |
|
Definition
improve memory
decrease symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the conditioned taste aversion procedure. How might you design a conditioned taste aversion experiment to demonstrate the effects of nicotine receptor desensitization? |
|
Definition
use drug like antibuse to make rats sick after consuming nicotine
Varenicline: partial nicotine receptor agonist with adverse effects such as nausea. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the positive subjective effects of nicotine. |
|
Definition
more relaxed
clearer thinking
head rush |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to train a rat to self-administer nicotine? Why might MAO inhibition help? How is this relevant to tobacco? |
|
Definition
t rats would only self-administer nicotine if it was administered in large doses that, when adjusted for differences in body weight, equal the amount received by a smoker from 2 whole cigarettes.
MAO inhibitors increase self-administration
may combine with nicotine to produce the intense reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking that lead to addiction |
|
|
Term
| What class of carcinogens is found in tobacco? |
|
Definition
| Class A carcinogen, in air |
|
|
Term
| What is a common form of COPD that develops from chronic tobacco use? |
|
Definition
| Emphysema, which involves destruction of the lungs over time |
|
|
Term
| How does a chipper differ from a regular tobacco user? |
|
Definition
| an occasional drug user who does not use drugs with the regularity or frequency that is typical of addicts. |
|
|
Term
| Name and describe three pharmacologic approaches for treating nicotine addiction. |
|
Definition
Varenicline: Partial nicotine receptor agonist
Nicotine Gum
Nicotine Patch
Sustained-release buproprion |
|
|
Term
| What chemical class does caffeine belong to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how much caffeine does a Grande Starbucks coffee have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aside from caffeine alone, what other caffeinated products are commonly found in energy drinks? |
|
Definition
| taurine, guarana, ginseng |
|
|
Term
| What happens to caffeine’s elimination rate when smoking tobacco? |
|
Definition
| nicotine increases elimination rate of caffeine |
|
|
Term
| What is the main receptor action for caffeine? |
|
Definition
adenosine antagonist
caffeine binds to adenosine receptors because they look stucturally similar
stimulates central nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clinical syndrome
incease in anxiety, agitation, and insomnia
hypertension, cardiac arryhthmia, GI disturbances
doses higher than about 500-1000 mg |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of withdrawal from caffeine use? |
|
Definition
impaired intellectual performance
difficulty with concentration
caffeine craving |
|
|
Term
| How do patterns of abuse differ considerably from traditional patterns? |
|
Definition
burden on society
$170 billion dollars health and crime-related costs for drug abuse |
|
|
Term
| What do approximately 1/3 of addicted people also have |
|
Definition
| diagnosed (axis I) comorbid disorder |
|
|
Term
| What are brain structures involved in addiction hypersensitive to, aside from activation by drugs of abuse and drug-associated stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Julien state about local anesthesia at the time cocaine’s anesthetic properties were discovered? |
|
Definition
used as a local anesthetic until novocaine (synethic) was created
1884-1918 |
|
|
Term
| What did Freud advocate cocaine to treat? |
|
Definition
depression
chronic fatigue |
|
|
Term
| What type of cocaine use began in the 1980s? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Among all of the other psychostimulant drugs, what are the three characteristics that make cocaine unique? |
|
Definition
1. potent local anesthetic
2. vasoconstrictor, constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure
3. psychostimulant with behavioral reinforcing qualities |
|
|
Term
| What types of neurotoxicity might cocaine produce? |
|
Definition
neuropsychological impairments
psychomotor slowing
alterations in memory function
possible early onset dimensia
acute hyperthemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the important factors to consider when developing a cocaine vaccine? (4) |
|
Definition
1. the vaccine must stimulate production of sufficient amount of antibodies to bind all of the cocaine administered
2. antibodies must be persistant for long period so that vaccine doesnt need to be administered
3. cocaine users should not be able to override vaccine by taking large amounts of drug
4. vaccine must be well tolerated |
|
|
Term
| Among the 39 conditions listed for amphetamine treatment, which do you find the least advisable? |
|
Definition
morphine addiction
replacing one addiction with another |
|
|
Term
| Like cocaine, what is another potential treatment strategy for treating nicotine addiction? |
|
Definition
|
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