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Psychopharm Exam 1
Chapters 1-3, 5-7
65
Psychology
Graduate
09/17/2009

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Term
define pharmacokinetics
Definition
what the body does to the drug; how drugs move through biological systems; metabolism, excretion, administration, etc.
Term
define pharmacodynamics
Definition
what the drug does to the body; how the drug works; site of action, mechanism of action; determines therapeutic effects; key to developing new drugs
Term
list methods of drug absorption
Definition
parenteral (through skin), including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal; intravenous; inhalation; intranasal; transdermal; rectal; oral
Term
speed of diffusion across stomach/intestine wall is determined by the ratio of ___ to ___
Definition
water solubility to lipid solubility
Term
what is pKa?
Definition
pH at which drug goes into solution; pKa must be absorbable in that solution
Term
because a drug needs to be lipid soluble to cross cell membrane and dissolve, want more ___ forms
Definition
nonionized
Term
acids become ___ ionized in stomach and becomes more ___ soluble); bases become ___ ionized in stomach and becomes ___ (and is ___)
Definition
less, more; more, more water soluble (urinated out)
Term
what are the four factors affecting the distribution of drugs?
Definition
depot binding; protein binding; blood brain barrier; placental barrier
Term
chemical binds to fatty tissue and gets stuck, therefore not available to brain; depletes amount of drug available and will slowly diffuse
Definition
depot binding
Term
binding in blood, shuttle drug to liver, inactivates drug
Definition
protein binding
Term
primary goal of any drug regime is ___
Definition
maintenance of a constant plasma level
Term
when a drug enters portal circulation and passes through liver before entering general circulation
Definition
first pass metabolism
Term
therapeutic index =
Definition
mean toxic dose / mean effective dose
Term
the PNS is broken down into ___ and ___
Definition
somatic and autonomic
Term
the ___ nervous system receives sensory input and is responsible for voluntary motor control
Definition
somatic
Term
the ___ nervous system is responsible for smooth muscle control and is broken down into ___ and ___
Definition
autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic
Term
this branch of the autonomic nervous system works to conserve energy
Definition
sympathetic
Term
this branch of the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight/flight response, it works to expend energy (e.g., increase HR, decrease digestion, etc.)
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
you are most likely to see side effects in which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
this lobe is responsible for the planning and thought needed in order to move or behave
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
this lobe is responsible for bodily sensations and somatosensory experiences
Definition
parietal lobe
Term
this lobe is responsible for auditory and sensory integration, it shares responsibility for language with the frontal lobe
Definition
temporal lobe
Term
what are the five primary areas of cortex? the rest is referred to as what?
Definition
visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and motor cortex; associational cortex
Term
the limbic system is comprised of: ___ - responsible for learning and memory; ___ - emotion; and ___ - reward
Definition
hippocampus; amygdala; nucleus accumbens
Term
the ___ consists of the ___, ___, and ___, all of which are responsible for motor control
Definition
basal ganglia, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen
Term
sensory relay station; contains nuclei that receive sensory information and transmits it to cortex
Definition
thalamus
Term
species-typical behavior, four Fs, control of autonomic nervous system, control of pituitary
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
the anterior portion of the pituitary receives signals from ___; the posterior receives signals from ___
Definition
blood; axons
Term
communication WITHIN the neuron is referred to as...
Definition
electrical communication
Term
what are the three factors that contribute to the resting membrane potential?
Definition
diffusion, electrostatic pressure, Na+/K+ pump
Term
the Na+/K+ pump pushes out ___ and pulls in ___
Definition
3 Na+, 2 K+
Term
opening of ___ channels leads to action potential
Definition
Na+
Term
the shape and size of an action potential stays the same
Definition
all or none law
Term
strength of stimulus is determined by the number, not the size, of action potentials
Definition
rate law
Term
what are the five properties of an action potential?
Definition
1. all or none event, 2. fixed amplitude, 3. propagated down the axon, 4. conduction velocity, 5. has a refractory period
Term
in what two ways might drugs affect action potentials?
Definition
alter function of Na+ channels, alter balance of ions
Term
communication BETWEEN neurons is referred to as...
Definition
chemical communication
Term
list the six steps in synaptic transmission
Definition
1. influx of Ca++, 2. vesicles dock and fuse, 3. NT released, 4. NT binds to post-synaptic receptors (metabotropic or ionotropic), 5. receptor activation (post-synaptic ion channels, IPSP or EPSP), 6. termination - reputake and enzymatic deactivation
Term
when the post-synaptic neuron experiences an increase in voltage, it is called ___; this is caused by ___
Definition
EPSP; ligand gated Na+ channels
Term
when the post-synaptic neuron experiences a decrease in voltage, it is called ___; this is caused by ___
Definition
IPSP; ligand gated K+ channels
Term
a ligand that activates a particular receptor when it binds
Definition
agonist
Term
a ligand that binds but does not activate receptor; blocks both ___ and ___
Definition
antagonist; IPSPs and EPSPs
Term
three types of agonists
Definition
full (full behavioral effect, similar to NT), partial (less affinity than NT, less of a behavioral effect), inverse (opposite effect)
Term
L-DOPA Is a precursor to all three catecholamines, which are...
Definition
dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Term
in the catecholamine synthesis, what is the rate limiting step?
Definition
TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)
Term
in what three ways are catecholamines inactivated?
Definition
primarily reuptake, enzymatic deactivation, and metabolites
Term
DA: substantia nigra --> basal ganglia, used for ___
Definition
motor control
Term
DA: ventral tegmental area --> limbic system, used for ___
Definition
reward, reinforcement, motivation
Term
DA: ventral tegmental area --> prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, used for ___
Definition
short term memories, planning, problem solving
Term
DA: hypothalamus --> pituitary, used for ___
Definition
inhibition of prolactin release
Term
what are the two main families of dopamine receptors?
Definition
D1 and D2
Term
___ dopamine receptors stimulate the cell, are primarily post-synaptic, create EPSPs
Definition
D1
Term
___ dopamine receptors inhibit the cell, are pre- and post-synaptic
Definition
D2
Term
DA drugs have three major mechanisms, what are they?
Definition
block reuptake, receptor agonists, and receptor antagonists
Term
forebrain norepinephrine is involved in ___ and ___
Definition
arousal and vigilance
Term
norepinephrine increases ___ and ___
Definition
feeding and hunger
Term
what are the two families of norepinephrine receptors?
Definition
alpha and beta
Term
alpha NE receptors can be ___ or ___ and can either be ___ (Type I) or ___ (Type II)
Definition
positive or negative, excitatory, inhibitory
Term
acetylcholine is inactivated primarily through ___
Definition
enzymatic degradation
Term
ACh neurons stimulate the pons --> other hindbrain structures, affecting ___
Definition
sleep, REM sleep
Term
ACh neurons stimulate the medial septum --> hippocampus and cortex, affecting ___
Definition
memory and cognition
Term
ACh neurons stimulate the basal forebrain --> cortex, leading to ___
Definition
cognition, arousal, attention
Term
list the two types of ACh receptors
Definition
muscarine receptors (metabotropic), nicotinic receptors (ioinotropic)
Term
blocking ACh can lead to ___ and ___
Definition
confusion, impaired cognition
Term
the primary means by which 5-HT is inactivated is ___; another means is ___
Definition
synaptic reuptake; enzymatic deactivation
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