Term
| Topographic model of structure |
|
Definition
FREUD
interplay of id, ego, superego
distinguish conscious/unconscious systems |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| central organizer of the psyche |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ego makes itself the object of perception and becomes the self-image
self evaluates itself and feels others evaluating it (self-image)
experiences itself as constant and coherent (self-identity) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the way the self shapes itself and functions, in relations to others |
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|
Term
|
Definition
1. self-perception
2. self-regulation
3. flexible and mature defense |
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Term
| List: how does the self accept objects as being different from itself? (3) |
|
Definition
1. object perception
2. communication
3. attachment |
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Term
| Structural disorders in adults can be seen as _____ (2) |
|
Definition
1. deficient growth
2. regressive merging |
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Term
| what is deficient growth? |
|
Definition
-self was unable to mature due to caregiver not meeting child's needs or impact of trauma
-structures unable to develop properly
results in: immature, underdeveloped self-structure, inability to be independent or organize, or be self-reflective
unable to develop reliable bonding with supportive objects or perceive them reliably |
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Term
| what are the results of deficient growth of structures |
|
Definition
immature, underdeveloped self-structure
inability to be independent or organize, or be self-reflective
unable to develop reliable bonding with supportive objects or perceive them reliably |
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Term
| what is regressive merging? |
|
Definition
| structure was unable to develop, but remained too unstable to prevent internal and external stress from triggering regressions that depress structure to a more immature level of tensions and disruptive states |
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Term
|
Definition
operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics system
provides guidelines for assessment of a patients level of mental functioning and personal integration on the basis of his mental capacities and vulnerabilities |
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Term
| List: 4 levels of integration of psychic structure according to OPD axis |
|
Definition
1. good integration
2. low integration
3. moderate integration
4. disintegration level |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| autonomous self possesses a mental internal space in which mental conflicts can be carried out |
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Term
| define: moderate integration |
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Definition
| lower availability of regulating function and a weaker differentiation of mental substructures |
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Term
|
Definition
less developed inner space and substructures
conflicts are barely mentally worked out |
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Term
| define: disintegration level |
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Definition
| fragmentation and psychotic restitution of psychic structure |
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Term
| List: 6 dimensions of mental capacities and vulnerabilities |
|
Definition
1. self-perception
2. self-regulation
3. defense
4. object-perception
5. communication
6. bonding (attachment) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
self-rejection self-image, identity, differentiation of affects
ability to gain a picture of one's own self |
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Term
|
Definition
tolerance of affects
self-esteem
regulation of instinctual drive
anticipation |
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Term
|
Definition
type
result
stability
flexibility of defense mechanisms |
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Term
| define: object perception |
|
Definition
subject-object differentiation
empathy
object perception as a whole
affects concerning objects |
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Term
|
Definition
contacts
understanding affects of others
communicating one's own affects
reciprocity |
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|
Term
| what is bonding/attachment? |
|
Definition
internalization
detachment
variability of attachment |
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Term
| what is a diagnostic interview? |
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Definition
| interview that does not ask questions about symptoms but lets client describe themselves |
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Term
| what is the primary goal of structural diagnostics? |
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Definition
give practical advice for choosing suitable therapies
keeping in mind limitations and structural possibilities of patients |
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Term
| what does it mean to be structurally vulnerable? |
|
Definition
structure has not developed very stable
regression sets in and structural functions are lost when person becomes stressed
feelings of tension and disintegration become active |
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Term
| what is the central fear of good integration? |
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Definition
| losing the love of an obect |
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Term
| what is the central fear of moderate integration? |
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Definition
| loss or destruction of the supportive and directing object |
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Term
| what is the central fear of low integration? |
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Definition
| annihilation of the self by the bad object or loss of the good object |
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Term
| how does a patient try to stabilize their disintegrated structure? |
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Definition
| splitting off or denying essential instinctual drives and narcissistic needs |
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Term
| what does self-perception look like in a person with good integration? |
|
Definition
can identify the abilities that illistrate their own self-image
describe what type of person they are
what makes them different than others |
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Term
| what does self-perception look like in a person with moderate integration? |
|
Definition
patients cannot describe who they are; only say things they did in certain events
unstable self-image
might avoid feelings to try to stabilize |
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|
Term
| what does self-perception look like in a person with disintegration? |
|
Definition
social and sexual identities are absent (schizophrenia) or there is an overidentification with the social role (manic-depressive psychosis)
undeserved sense of grandiose about goals
narcissistic personality |
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|
Term
| What does self-regulation look like in patients with good integration? |
|
Definition
instinctual drives can be described
can reflect upon drives of self and others
reaction to environment can be anticipated
positive self-esteem |
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|
Term
| What does self-regulation look like in patients with moderate integration? |
|
Definition
might be able to make indirect demands for care and attention
willing to help others
suppressed aggression can lead to internal self-devaluation, self-punishment, and self-aggression |
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|
Term
| What does self-regulation look like in patients with low integration? |
|
Definition
little scope to realize instinctual drives in socially adequate ways and according to one's own values
-impulsive behavior
-self destructive tendencies
-low self esteem or grandiosity |
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|
Term
| What does self-regulation look like in patients with disintegration? |
|
Definition
-fantasized grandiosity
-violence |
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|
Term
| dimensions of mental capacities and vulnerabilities: defense |
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Definition
| patients unconsciously restrict aspects of their cognition to protect themselves |
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Term
| defense mechanisms are used by which part of the psyche (Freud/psychoanalytic) ______? Why is this important? |
|
Definition
ego
keeps mental balance when faced by internal or external stress and conflict |
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|
Term
| list: 5 criteria for determining levels of defense? |
|
Definition
1. object
2. success
3. stability
4. flexibility
5. form |
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|
Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: object |
|
Definition
Is the defense aimed at inner drives and affects?
or
is the goal the modification of inner images of self and important reference persons? |
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|
Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: success |
|
Definition
does it delimit the self?
maintain relationships with others?
does it help them to reach goals? |
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Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: stability |
|
Definition
is the defense mech too weak or too strong?
does it always function or does it lapse in crisis? |
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|
Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: flexibility |
|
Definition
| are different mechanisms used only in certain circumstances? |
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|
Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: flexibility |
|
Definition
| are different mechanisms used only in certain circumstances? |
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|
Term
| 5 criteria for determining levels of defense: form |
|
Definition
what types of mechanisms are used?
does it regulate or inhibit impulses or affects? |
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|
Term
| What does defense look like in patients with good integration? |
|
Definition
defense is directed against inner instinctual drives and affects
patients inner image of themselves and others remains stable |
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|
Term
| list: three typical defense mechanisms for people with good integration? |
|
Definition
1. repression
2. rationalization
3. displacement |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms: repression |
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Definition
| patient places certain desires, thoughts, and experiences into their unconscious |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms: rationalization |
|
Definition
justifications of behavior
logical and morally acceptable |
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Term
| Defense mechanisms: displacement |
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Definition
| emotional meaning is detached from an idea and shifts to another initially less intense idea |
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|
Term
| What does defense look like in people with moderate integration? |
|
Definition
defense is aimed at inner instinctual drives and affects
instinctual satisfactions are more restricted
defense is too strong and can fail in crisis |
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|
Term
| list: 5 defense mechanisms are mostly used by people with moderate integration? |
|
Definition
1. denial
2. turning against sef
3. reaction formation
4. isolation
4. projection |
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Term
| defense mechanisms: denial |
|
Definition
| patient avoids acknowledging certain areas of own experiences, ideas about themselves and others |
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Term
| defense mechanisms: turning against oneself |
|
Definition
aggressive idea that is turned back on onesef
feel shitty about yourself |
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|
Term
| defense mechanisms: reaction formation |
|
Definition
guilt prevents patient from expressing feelings
so they replace those feelings with opposite feelings
try to behave in socially acceptable ways so that they look like a better person |
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Term
| defense mechanisms: isolation |
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Definition
emotional component is detached and kept unconscious
thoughts appear without feelings |
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Term
| defense mechanisms: projection |
|
Definition
feelings and desires are not seen and admitted in oneself, but excluded from one's own experience and attributed to others
see negative emotions/acts in other people, but do not realize that you do them |
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|
Term
| what does defense look like in people with low integration? |
|
Definition
defense against inner instinctual drives and affects is insufficient
defense is interpersonal
distorted images of self and others |
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|
Term
| list: 2 defense mechanisms for people with low integration |
|
Definition
1. splitting
2. projective identification |
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|
Term
| defense mechanisms: splitting |
|
Definition
| the self and outer objects are experienced one-sidedly as either good or bad |
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|
Term
| defense mechanisms: projective identification |
|
Definition
people feel that they have feelings or traits that they do not like/want so they project those feelings onto others
"she made me do it!" |
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|
Term
| what does defense look like in a person with disintegration? |
|
Definition
defense occurs at expense of further limitation of reality testing
defense isn't flexible |
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|
Term
| list: 4 defense mechanisms associated with disintegration? |
|
Definition
1. splitting
2. denial
3. projection
4. projective identification |
|
|
Term
| what does the defense mechanism "splitting" look like in people with disintegration? |
|
Definition
more intense splitting
sexuality is split off and feelings are withdrawn from it |
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|
Term
| defense mechanisms: psychotic projection |
|
Definition
one's own impulses are externalized and attributed to others.
feelings are not projected because of shame or guilt; they are projected because they are taboo |
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|
Term
| what is object perception? |
|
Definition
ability to develop an image of another while distinguishing it from that of oneself
empathize with others' internal processes and feelings |
|
|
Term
| what does object perception look like in people with good integration? |
|
Definition
can perceive others
can understand mental processes of others
images of others can be changed by conflicts without endangering their relationship |
|
|
Term
| what does object perception look like in people with moderate integration? |
|
Definition
stress limits the degree of empathy with others
images of others becomes devalued when conflict arises
depressive clinging can occur |
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|
Term
| what does object perception look like in people with low integration? |
|
Definition
| patients do not understand that others are human and have their own strengths and weaknesses too. |
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|
Term
| what does objection perception look like for people with disintegration? |
|
Definition
it is difficult for them to see other objects as being different from self
see other people as being labels "girlfriend" "wife" "boss"
say "we" to identify, disregarding other people |
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|
Term
| what does object perception look like in individuals with disintegration? |
|
Definition
| under stress, images of self and others can become confused |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| environment can change genes that are expressed |
|
|
Term
| epigenetics: study about village in sweden |
|
Definition
village in sweden
period of starvation in 1800s
parents went from normal eating to gluttony; grandsons of these people died at younger age |
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|
Term
|
Definition
structure on which gens sit
holds genes in place
can turn on and off different sets of genes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
fed mother mtyhl-group-enriched food and turned off the gene for yellow coat and sickness in baby.
their grandchildren also had brown coats |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| % of effect from genes in disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estimated correlation between genetic variance and phentotype variance |
|
|
Term
| when environment is more different, then heritability is _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| use heritability model to explain tuberculosis |
|
Definition
need vulnerability AND infection to get tuberculosis
heritability is high in 40s
tuberculosis was stamped out, so prediction that you will develop the disease is based on where you travel (ENVIRONMENT) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the serotonin transporter gene? |
|
Definition
| gene that affects how genes are transported |
|
|
Term
| what is a short allele associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are short alleles associated with depression? |
|
Definition
high measures on trait neuroticism
stronger amygdala responses
social phobia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less likely to develop depressive episode after trauma or stressful event |
|
|
Term
| Hospitalization of depression |
|
Definition
| people are hospitalized for aggression (potential for injurious behavior), not depression |
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|
Term
|
Definition
boys are more likely to be diagnosed
no difference between males and females in brain studies |
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|
Term
|
Definition
smaller whole brain volumes
medicated patients differed
medication may contribute to normalization of brain volumes in ADHD children |
|
|
Term
| depression: symptoms - affective, cognitive, and vegetative |
|
Definition
affective: depressed mood and anhedonia
cognitive: worthlessness, guilt diminished concentration
vegetative: changes in sleeping and eating |
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|
Term
| what are the often most reported functional anomolies in the imaging literature on depression? |
|
Definition
decreased bilateral or left prefrontal cortex activiation
reduced activity in left hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| assumptions of adoptions studies (2) |
|
Definition
adoption family environment is representative of general family enironment
selective placement might increase correlations between characteristics and environment |
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|
Term
| problems with adoption studies on depression: adulthood |
|
Definition
by adulthood, all twins are in separate environment
current environment may be more important than previous |
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|
Term
| Child anxiety: measurements |
|
Definition
studies show genetic influence
self-reports yield lower estimates than parent reports |
|
|
Term
| Comorbidity of depression and anxiety (5) |
|
Definition
1. high correlation between GAD and depression
2. anxiety and depression may share etiological factors
3. anxiety and depression comorbid may be a distinct disorder of its own
4. may be associated with timing (one happens before other and causes other)
5. Having one puts person at risk of having another |
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|
Term
| Childhood externalizing disorders: gender differences |
|
Definition
difference exists in types of behavior displayed
girls more covert |
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|
Term
| Childhood externalizing disorders: etiology |
|
Definition
aggression is more heritable than delinquency
OCD and CD have genetic liability |
|
|
Term
| Differences in ways of measuring adult and childhood antisocial behavior |
|
Definition
adults rely on retrospective reports
children rely on parents' reports |
|
|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder: etiology |
|
Definition
| moderately heritable, on a continuum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Strong heritability
-No evidence for shared environmental influences
-rater contrast effects occur more often with ADHD
-higly correlated to OCD and CD |
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|
Term
|
Definition
map genes to chromosomes by establishing whether a marker and a gene that affects phenotype are inherited together
may not detect linkages with small effect sizes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rat color coat
marker is not causal (color rat coat does not affect obesity) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
affected and unaffected: compare
very statistically powerful
some genes and behaviors are more common in ethnic groups
tests whether an allele and trait have correlated occurrence within population |
|
|
Term
| Piaget: why is a schema important to development of cognitive theory? |
|
Definition
| helps child understand and predict environment |
|
|
Term
| Piaget: why is assimilation important to development of cognitive theory? |
|
Definition
| incorporate new info into existing schema |
|
|
Term
| Piaget: why is accommodation important to development of cognitive theory? |
|
Definition
| alteration of schema to fit new information |
|
|
Term
| list: Piaget's 3 concepts of development of cognitive theory |
|
Definition
1. schema
2. assimilation
3. accomodation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always changing
how patient defines self individually and as a part of a group
not maladaptive, but in combination with negative moderators and mediators, increase in vulnerability to psycopathology |
|
|
Term
| how can a schema increase a person's vulnerability to psychopathology? |
|
Definition
negative moderators and mediators
(ex: depression) |
|
|
Term
| Beck's cognitive theory of depression |
|
Definition
early experience leads to formation of dysfunctional beliefs
depressed people engage in cognitive errors
tendency to interpret life events negatively
negative interpretation bias
maladaptive self-schemata
themes of helplessness and unloveability are activated by schema congruent with life events |
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|
Term
| Beck's cognitive theory of depression: example of child experiencing divorce of parents |
|
Definition
child had senses of divorces in family
no connection to family
difficulties in imagining relationships between people
lead to relationship issues with others
feel like you're not loveable |
|
|
Term
| what is Epigenetic inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Experiences of one generation can influence later generations not exposed to the same environment |
|
|
Term
| List: 3 types of cognitive errors |
|
Definition
1. arbitrary inference
2. overemphasis of negative
3. overgeneralization |
|
|
Term
| cognitive errors: what is arbitrary inference? |
|
Definition
| preferential attention and memory for depression-relevant stimuli |
|
|
Term
| cognitive errors: overemphasis of negative |
|
Definition
focus on negatives rather than positive aspects of a situation.
"how was it?"
"terrible." |
|
|
Term
| cognitive errors: overgeneralization |
|
Definition
| negative consequences apply to all situations and all aspects of situations |
|
|
Term
| Depressive Cognitive Triad |
|
Definition
1. think negatively about SELF (self blame)
2. Think negatively about world and overgeneralize
3. Think negatively about the future |
|
|
Term
| Depressive cognitive triad: what happens once it is activated? |
|
Definition
schemata contribute to expression of bias in attention interpretation and memory
precursor to depression in young adults |
|
|
Term
| List: Beck's revision of the depressive cognitive triad: 3 parts |
|
Definition
1. sociotropic
2. Autonomy
3. Rumination |
|
|
Term
| Beck's revision of the depressive cognitive triad: sociotropic |
|
Definition
negative interpersonal events
seeking reassurance, approval, and intimacy
vulnerable to rejection
trying to avoid disapproval as much as possible |
|
|
Term
| Beck's revision of the depressive cognitive triad: autonomy |
|
Definition
negative events in achievement domain
(I must do everything perfectly to be acceptable)
more likely to produce depression |
|
|
Term
| Beck's revision of the depressive cognitive triad: Rumination |
|
Definition
preservative self-focused attention
focus how bad you feel
if you can distract yourself from it, then more likely to recover from moods more quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| association between rumination and impairments in cognitive resource allocation |
|
|
Term
| how can you decrease rumination? |
|
Definition
1.need to continuously reroute cognitive resources away from intrusive negative thoughts and toward tasks at hand
2. drugs |
|
|
Term
| Learned helplessness: who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animals feel helpless when they learn nothing they do helps them avoid random emotional trauma
related to lack of perceived control over events |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness: attributional revision |
|
Definition
only some people become depressed and develop learned helplessness
depressive attributional style: inability to learn new responses to overcome prior learning of uncontrollability |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness: what is a depressive attributional style? |
|
Definition
| inability to learn new responses to overcome prior learning of uncontrollability (learned helplessness) |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness: why can a depressive attributional style develop? |
|
Definition
internal attributions for causes of negative events
think that negative outcomes are your fault
"i did something to deserve this!" |
|
|
Term
| slearned helplessness: table attributions |
|
Definition
| believing that things will not and cannot change |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness: global attributions |
|
Definition
believe negative events disrupt many life events
create negative events and develop negative styles as get older
positive events are attributed to luck |
|
|
Term
| learned helplessness: list 2 types of attributions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1989 revision of Learned Helplessness |
|
Definition
depression follows hopelessness about coping with difficult events
hopelessness is based on past experiences
Infer negative consequences and negative self-characteristics
Hopelessness is a crucial cause of many forms of depression; apathy, submission and meaninglessness of life choices |
|
|
Term
| define: Personal cognitive construct systems |
|
Definition
| An individual’s unique set of understandings about what can be expected. |
|
|
Term
| George Kelly: Person as scientist |
|
Definition
their thoughts, feelings, and conduct emerge from the theories they currently accept or embrace
People’s constructs are their reality and the guide for their behavior; anticipating events |
|
|
Term
| George Kelly: Person as scientist |
|
Definition
their thoughts, feelings, and conduct emerge from the theories they currently accept or embrace
People’s constructs are their reality and the guide for their behavior; anticipating events |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: observational learning - how? |
|
Definition
Modeling
a positive role model or negative role model can provide a whole array of behaviors to emulate through modeling |
|
|
Term
| Triadic Reciprocal Causation is also known as |
|
Definition
Reciprocal Determinism
interactionist view of behavior |
|
|
Term
| List: three variables that human action is result of interaction among (reciprocal determinism, Bandura) |
|
Definition
1. environment
2. behavior
3. Person |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: what is the strongest variable of reciprocal determinism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bandura: Reciprocal determinism: what is PERSON? |
|
Definition
values, beliefs, information processing strategies
Cognitive processes
gender, social position, attractiveness, |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: cognitive processes determine... (3) |
|
Definition
1. which stimuli we recognize and attend to
2. how we will perceive them
3. how we will act on them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
situationally specific belief about self
what you are capable of doing |
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of self-efficacy on behavior? |
|
Definition
determines how we try to act
how long we persist
how success or failure influences future behavior |
|
|
Term
| neurobiology of cognitive responses in GAD |
|
Definition
anterior cingulate gyrus helps to connect emotions with event
limbic system carries messages |
|
|
Term
| GAD: why do people worry? |
|
Definition
| it is a way of attempting to gain control over symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Generalized Anxiety disoder |
|
Definition
1. constant worry about things that might not even be true
2. cant turn thoughts off
3. fears about health
4. rehashing possible social mistakes
5. mental hypervigilance
6. perfectionistic carefulness
7. intolerance to ambiguity |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety model: Cognitive vulnerability |
|
Definition
Personal characteristics + Environmental precipitants interact
cognitive vulnerability = anticipatory state |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety model: Interpretive Biases - what is the cause? |
|
Definition
| interpretive biases are due to danger schemas |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety model: Interpretive Biases - Study |
|
Definition
clinically anxious patients shifted their attend TO threat words, while "normal" group shifted attention AWAY from these words
Preferential attention and memory along with schema congruent interpretation biases
tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli as threat |
|
|
Term
| low perceived control and interpretational bias |
|
Definition
how you interpret an event determines the level of anxiety
some people have tendency to interpret events as being uncontrollable which leads to hopelessness and depression |
|
|
Term
| Barlow: negative feedback cycle of anxiety |
|
Definition
studied male sexuality
why do men have sex problems? inhibitory automatic nervous system functioning due to focusing cognitively and attending to anxiety cues
excessive worrying about performance/events
narrow focus on negative affective material; driven strongly by underlying arousal; causes disruption in performance |
|
|
Term
| Barlow: Diffuse stress-related increase in arousal |
|
Definition
intense in biologically vulnerable
false alarms triggered by negative life events due to lowered threshold |
|
|
Term
| describe barlow's negative feedback cycle of anxiety |
|
Definition
narrow focus on cognitive affective material driven by underlying arousal
false alarms triggered in negative life events due to lowered threshold
unpredictability and uncontrollability of alarm (noticing something causes a physiological response) |
|
|
Term
| external locus of control |
|
Definition
"i can't control myself in that situation"
due to prior experience
makes you more vulnerable
feel anxiety about possibility of a panic/anxiety attack
sense of uncontrollability is moderated by coping skills, social skills, etc. |
|
|
Term
| sense of uncontrollability is moderated by... |
|
Definition
coping skills
social skills |
|
|
Term
| difference between anxiety and depression |
|
Definition
anxiety patients do not have same global, internal, and stable attributions
depressed people do not have action tendencies (have hoplessness and hypohedonia instead)
anxious people try to predict success and control of future outcomes; constant apprehensively anticipating |
|
|
Term
| looming maladaptive style |
|
Definition
cognitive style that has dynamic/changing perceptions of rapidly escalating threat
ex: boss yells at you. think "uh oh" and anticipate change of events and consequences
vulnerability to anxiety
begins automatically and before symptoms and disorder appear
person may very quickly convert into anger (because defending from something dangerous, very quickly). |
|
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Term
| looming maladaptive style: Riskand's thoughts about why it occurs |
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Definition
it was evolutionary based (needed for survival)
if afraid, need to run away very quickly/react |
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Term
| what is the looming maladaptive style applicable to? |
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Definition
phobias (spider phobias)
sub-clinical OCD: specific sense of looming and vulnerability to contamination
panic disorder: tendency to generate mental scenarios of rapidly intensifying somatic symptoms |
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Term
| how do we measure tendencies to view potentially threatening situations as rapidly unfolding or escalating toward dreaded outcomes? |
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Definition
LMSQ
measures perceived rate at which risk is high |
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Term
| behavioral inhibition system |
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Definition
responds to novel stimuli
perception of escalation of the threat acts as novel stimuli
preventing habituation to stress |
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Term
| Cognitive model of anxiety: information processing theory |
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Definition
vigilence avoidance pattern follows automatic initial attentional bias toward threatening stimuli
focus on outcome
limits strategic processing
shuts down
----part of maladaptive looming style, which activates information processing biases |
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Term
| Dr. Carlson (at NMU): cognitive reappraisal |
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Definition
people have significant vulnerability using reappraisal in daily life to regulate emotional responding
cognitive reappraisal (thinking about event in a manner that modifies its affective impact) is common emotion regulation style
study = had to jump out of airplane. self-reports and physiological measures. people in high reappreaisal trait were low in anxiety and enjoyed it afterwards |
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Term
| cognitive reappraisal in children |
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Definition
children do not have same cognitive abilities as adults
able to make internal, stable attributions over time
able to call upon autobiography to deal with and interpret events |
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Term
| theory of mind: what is it? when is it developed? why is it important? |
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Definition
ability to recognize a causal relationship between mental states and actions
ex: why is he crying after falling? because he fell and is mad.
developed before age 4
foundation for inferring internal and stable attributions for behavior and autobiographical memory |
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Term
| how do we develop attributions? |
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Definition
| develop a theory of mind where we can recognize causal relationships between mental states and actions and then add them to our autobiographical memory |
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Term
| study: bullying and depression in elementary school |
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Definition
if you are more likely to be depressed, then you are more likely to be victimized
less likeable and visibly marked as having a lower status |
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Term
| Developmental models of depression |
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Definition
negative events in childhood may contribute to development of cognitive vulnerability to depression
experience of vulnerabilities vary depending on age |
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Term
| developmental model of depression |
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Definition
children initially make hopefulness inducing attributions about parental wounding
repreated occurrences may cause to make hopelessness inducing attributions
can be generalized to other negative events
emotional maltreatment by parent may supply negative cognitions
verbal victimization in home changes child's attributional style which mediated relationship between maltreatment and symptoms of depression
"why did dad hit me? because i'm bad." |
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Term
| childhood depression: scar hypothesis |
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Definition
| childhood experiences with depression cause lasting psychological changes such as negative attributional styles |
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Term
| Anxiety developmental model for children: low perceived control as interpretation bias |
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Definition
high levels of parental overprotection or criticism may provide early experiences of lack of control
development of cognitive style of external locus of control
contributes to development of anxiety |
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Term
| characteristics of parenting styles in kids that have GAD and panic disorder. when do kids have high internal locus of control? |
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Definition
parents are overly protective
5th graders that have high internal locus of control have parents that reward for independence
2nd graders that are high on internal locus of control have mothers that were warm, less critical , and supported them working independently |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heightened responsibility as a child
2. rigid and extreme codes of conduct
3. lack of responsibility (overprotection) as child
4. incidents of personal actions leading to serious misfortune
5. incidents in which it appears that personal actions led to misfortunte |
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Term
| cognitive vulnerability of control beliefs in OCD may _____ the relationship between parenting and anxiety earlier in development, but ______ the relationship later in development |
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Definition
| cognitive vulnerability of control beliefs in OCD may mediate the relationship between parenting and anxiety earlier in development, but moderate the relationship later in development |
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Term
| Aggression; etiology of cognitive vulnerability |
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Definition
presence of social information processing biases and history of physical discipline and abuse
negative interpersonal experiences are more strongly related to the development of reactive than proactive aggression |
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Term
| Issues with clinical data in anxiety and depression (4) |
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Definition
1. comes in a very complex interacting form that is not easy to study systematically
2. emotions are not chemicals or moving structures
3. cogntitions can only be observed by self-report
4. we can't know if clinicians are making the same observations |
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Term
| list: 3 information processing biases |
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Definition
1. attention
2. interpretation
3. memory |
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