Term
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Definition
| Found a 30-40% heritability rate for depression |
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Term
Caspi et al., 2003
van Praag, 2004 |
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Definition
| Found low serotonin levels in those with depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Found that people with depression, and those at risk, tend to have reduced left prefrontal cortex activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Meta-analysis suggesting that SSRIs are only better than placebos for severe depression |
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Term
| Fountoulakis et al., 2013 |
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Definition
| Meta-analysis claiming that the efficacy of SSRIs is unrelated to initial severity and there is no scientific ground to deny antidepressants to those with mild depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests the psychodynamic idea of dependent or self-critical depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic label of depression that includes feelings of loneliness, helplessness, and fear of abandonment |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic label of depression that includes feelings of unworthiness, inferiority, failure, and guilt |
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Term
| Neuroanatomical changes in those with depression are found in the: |
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Definition
| Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
| SSRIs increase serotonin levels within a few hours, but the patient won't feel effects for weeks |
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Term
| Psychodynamic Approach to Depression |
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Definition
| Focus on unconscious feelings, particularly in relation to interpersonal relationships |
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Term
| Freud's original theory of depression |
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Definition
| A response to loss and characterised by internalised anger/negative feelings, mourning of the idealised self |
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Term
| Modern Psychodynamic Approach to Depression |
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Definition
| Focus on early attachment/childhood experiences, and their role in leading to an internal representation of self/other and expectations for relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychodynamic criticism: dependent or self-critical depression - cause or effect? |
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Term
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Definition
| Early life adversity increases the risk of depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple early life adversities increase risk of depression |
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Term
| van Harmelen et al., 2010 |
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Definition
| Childhood maltreatment found to reduce volume in PFC and other areas involved in regulating emotion |
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Term
Cicchetti & Toth, 1998
Bifulco et al., 2002 |
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Definition
| Parental depression increases risk of insecure attachment, which increases the risk of depression |
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Term
| Behavioural Model of Depression |
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Definition
| Lack of positive reinforcement and a vicious cycle between low mood and withdrawal |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs when an individual gives up trying due to belief they cannot succeed |
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Term
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Definition
| Passivity > increased frequency of negative events > reinforced beliefs + attribution = learned helplessness |
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Term
Cognitive Model of Depression
Beck et al., 1979 |
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Definition
| Depression caused by environmental triggers which activate the negative cognitive schemas (core beliefs) formed in childhood |
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Term
| Cognitive Features of Depression |
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Definition
| Relentless negative thoughts, self-criticism, rumination, lack of presence, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts |
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Term
| Emotional Features of Depression |
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Definition
| Feeling low, empty, unable to enjoy life, tearful, irritable, guilty |
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Term
| Physical features of depression |
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Definition
| Tired, lethargic, restless, agitated, sleep and nutrition disruptions |
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Term
| Behavioural Features of Depression |
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Definition
| Social withdrawal, avoidance, indecisiveness, inability to relax |
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Term
|
Definition
At least 50% of people who experience depression go on to experience another episode
Risk increases to 70% and 90% after second and third episodes |
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Term
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Definition
| Most likely explanation for gender differences in depression |
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Term
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Definition
| Fewer gender differences in certain cultures/communities e.g. Anglo-Jewish community |
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Term
| Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987; 1999 |
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Definition
| Women more likely to ruminate, men are more likely to distract |
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Term
| Cognitive Model for Anxiety |
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Definition
| It is the biased interpretation of normal experiences that leads to the development of disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Obsessions as normal intrusive thoughts which are appraised (interpreted) as indicating responsibility to prevent serious harm |
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Term
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Definition
| • Compulsions as neutralising strategies which alleviate anxiety in short-term but perpetuate it in the long run |
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Term
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Definition
| • OCD maintained by attention/reasoning bias (on the alert for threat), effects on mood (feeling low/anxious > focus on threat), and unhelpful safety strategies (e.g. avoidance) |
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Term
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Definition
Panic attacks caused by catastrophic misinterpretation of physiological changes
Causes heightened anxiety and further physiological changes, leading to a vicious cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| • Threat > Anxiety > Sensations > Interpretation > Amplification of sensations and anxiety > Hypervigilance > Threat |
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Term
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Definition
| People with panic disorder lean towards catastrophic interpretation of bodily situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Acknowledgement of sensations and feelings in biological challenge tests |
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Term
| Biological Aetiology of Panic Disorder |
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Definition
| Noradrenaline over-activity - increased sensitivity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Worrying about things in your life |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Meta-beliefs, unhelpful behaviours, control strategies, and low mood |
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Term
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Definition
| explored the role of worry as a covert avoidance mechanism, suppressing physiological arousal/other unpleasant feelings |
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Term
|
Definition
| Individuals with GAD more likely to endorse such positive beliefs about worry |
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Term
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Definition
| Worry as avoidance as it decreases physiological autonomic arousal |
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Term
Young et al., 1997
McLeod et al., 2007 |
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Definition
| Psychodynamic: Rejection as a childhood risk factor of GAD |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyper-activity of amygdala as cause of anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence that successful treatment may reduce excess activation of amygdala in social phobia |
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Term
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Definition
| 33% of women and 22% of men will experience any of the anxiety disorders throughout their lives |
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Term
| Insecure attachment and/or Childhood trauma |
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Definition
| Psychodynamic: may lead to heightened sensitivity to threat and low self-confidence |
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Term
| Biological Approach to PTSD |
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Definition
| Hyper-active amygdala inhibits the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex leading to fragmented memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Sense of threat maintained by prior beliefs, nature of memory, and avoidance |
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Term
Brewin (2001)
Van der Kolk (1994) |
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Definition
| Fast cortical pathway processing of trauma memories |
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Term
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Definition
| Re-experiencing, avoidance, negative thoughts / feelings, and hyper-arousal |
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Term
| Nature of trauma memories |
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Definition
| Fragmented, intrusive, not time tagged, frozen in time, highly sensory |
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Term
| Kilcommons & Morrison (2005) |
|
Definition
| Underdiagnosed PTSD in those with psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosis & PTSD: cause, effect, or trauma the risk factor? |
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Term
| Brain Regions Involved in PTSD |
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Definition
| Amygdala, Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| Evidence that CBT treats PTSD |
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Term
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Definition
| detailed recounting of the trauma experience in the safe context of therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Importance of timing for experiential reliving |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reduced prefrontal cortex volume in psychosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enlarged ventricular spaces in those with psychosis |
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Term
Carsonn, 1963
Madras, 2013 |
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Definition
| Elevated dopamine levels in those with psychosis |
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Term
| Freud's theory of Psychosis |
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Definition
| regression to state of primary narcissism (oral stage) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Schizophrenogenic mothers |
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Term
| Modern psychodynamic theory of Psychosis |
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Definition
| Failure to develop an integrated self - intense conflicts and fears projected as hallucinations |
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Term
| Behavioural Approach to Psychosis |
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Definition
| operant conditioning and reinforcement – bizarre behaviour reinforced by attention from others |
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Term
| Cognitive Approach to Psychosis |
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Definition
| irrelevant associations/over-attention, attributional and interpretational biases, theory of mind deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosis as a result of contradictory messages from loved ones in intense family relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychosis influenced by communications that are puzzling, difficult to follow |
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Term
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Definition
| Expressed Emotion: emotionally intense, often hostile |
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Term
| Social Causation Theory (Fox, 1990) |
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Definition
| Mental illness as a result of the stress of poverty and homelessness |
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Term
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Definition
| Poverty as a result of social exclusion due to mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| Predisposition + stressors trigger development of disorder or relapse |
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Term
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Definition
| Some evidence of relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic disorders |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sexual victimisation predicts psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of different symptoms that leave a person feelings frightened or confused; such as a disturbance in thoughts, language, sensory perceptions, emotional regulation, and behaviour |
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Term
|
Definition
| Genetic predisposition to BPD |
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Term
| Biological Approach to BPD |
|
Definition
| Reduced serotonergic activity in PFC – thought to inhibit ability to modulate or control impulsive behaviour |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| early childhood relationships give rise to internal, emotion-laden representations of “self” and “other”, and expectations for relationships |
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Term
Linehan, 1993
Biosocial to BPD |
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Definition
| Emotion deregulation due to transaction between biological vulnerability and invalidating environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Poorly regulated emotions, impulsivity, impaired perception / reasoning, disturbed relationships |
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Term
|
Definition
| Child abuse as significant risk factor for BPD |
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Term
|
Definition
| Abuse and highly controlling fathers as risk factors for BPD |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sexual abuse before 14 as predictor for BPD |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Trans-diagnostic Approach |
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Term
| Trans-diagnostic Approach |
|
Definition
| Moving away from diagnostic categories to focus on the common processes which may underlie multiple psychological disorders |
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Term
Harvey et al., 2004
Shared problems |
|
Definition
Attentional Bias
Distressing Images
Safety seeking behaviours
Recurrent negative thinking |
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Term
|
Definition
| Compassion focused therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focus on self-criticism and shame |
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Term
Judge et al., 2012
Kirby, 2016 |
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Definition
| Sig. reductions in depression, self-criticism, shame & increases in self-assurance after CFT |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassuring Scale |
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Term
| Emotional Regulation Systems (Gilbert) |
|
Definition
| Drive, Soothe, and Threat System |
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