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Psychopathology Exam 1: Part Two
part two; emotions
117
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/06/2013

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Term
overregulation is associated with _____ behavior
Definition
antisocial
Term
What is overregulation?
Definition
-absence of fear

-lower sympathetic arousal

-associated with antisocial behavior
Term
lower resting heart rates in 3 year olds is related to....
Definition
overregulation
Term
lower resting heart rate in three year olds predicts....
Definition
more severe aggressive conduct at age 11
Term
underactive fear response may correspond with ______
Definition
lack of personal distress

decrease in empathy
Term
Anxiety is a ____ emotion
Definition
negative
Term
how can anxiety be adaptive?
Definition
motivates us

protects us
Term
Anxiety: Freud
Definition
always working to diminish anxiety in our unconscious

overactive limbic system
Term
physiological reactions to shame
Definition
swearing
anxiety
blushing
gaze-aversion
more aware of body
self-contempt
Term
difference between shame and guilt
Definition
guilt = relating to a particular event

shame = self is inadequate in some way; not measuring to an ideal image; socially determined values (incompetence)
Term
Shame and guilt: monitoring
Definition
constant monitoring of self and others

comparison
Term
Shame and guilt: preschoolers with depressed mothers
Definition
-immature cognitive processes

-child assumes fault and unresolved guilt

-do not feel worthy
Term
define: modulation
Definition
capacity to tolerate and recover from guilt + shame
Term
how is modulation learned? What
Definition
at an early age
parents, upbringing
Term
What can happen if modulation is not taught?
Definition
low self-esteem

believe that their affective needs are unacceptable
Term
what disorder is shame correlated with?
Definition
depressive symptoms

(desire to disappear)
Term
How can shame and culture have a negative effect?
Definition
eating disorders (mediates the connection between thin body standards and disorderly eating)
Term
How can shame and culture have a positive effect?
Definition
asian cultures

shame as motivator to live within collectivistic values
Term
narcissistic rage
Definition
personality organized around defending against self-contempt

sense of awfulness inside, pretend to think they are special as a defense mechanism
Term
low levels of guilt related to ________
Definition
low levels of empathetic concerns

conduct problems
Term
what does emotional education entail?
Definition
teaching of social shame

child learns through specific personal relationships

learn about feelings and desires

learn how to attend to and label feelings

express feelings
Term
three steps of social learning process
Definition
1. observing behavior

2. imitating behavior

3. determine if you can do it (reinforced)
Term
purpose of expressive displays?
Definition
-activate emotional predisposition

-meaning of displays is known to receiver

-conversation between limbic systems
Term
define: emotional competence
Definition
-be able to effectively with internal environmental, social environmental, and external world
Term
emotional regulation
Definition
child biologically pre-disposed to particular temperaments

-consistent by first grade
Term
by which grade have children established consistent emotional regulation?
Definition
first grade
Term
what is emotional disregulation?
Definition
difficulty with flexible regulation to coordinate individual goals and needs of others
Term
reciprocal model of emotion:
Definition
individual regulatory style of emotion interacts with environment

depends on caregivers capacity to respond

if physically abused, then hypersensitive to angry microexpressions
Term
recirprocal model of emotion: what happens if a child is abused?
Definition
might be hypersensitive to angry facial expressions

might over-interpret peers' behavior as being hostile
Term
alexithymia
Definition
difficulty with identifying and discussing emotions

more common in males

associated with antisocial personality disorder
Term
alexithymia is associated with which disorder?
Definition
antisocial personality disorder
Term
what is a biological vulnerability?
Definition
relationship between disorder and brain function
Term
How do we measure psychopathology? List 3 types of scans
Definition
1. MRI

2. PET

3. Electrophysiology
Term
What is a PET scan?
Definition
inject radioactive substances tracking oxygen in blood in specific areas
Term
What is a MRI scan?
Definition
detailed picture of brain

measures atoms
Term
what is electrophysiology?
Definition
measure brain oscillations in functioning

electrodes
Term
overall purpose of the frontal lobes?
Definition
executive cognitive functioning
Term
function of pre-frontal cortex
Definition
goal-oriented

maintain conscious attention
Term
when is the pre-frontal cortex fully developed?
Definition
in mid-20s
Term
what happens to the pre-frontal cortex during an anxious state?
Definition
less blood flow
Term
what parts of the brain does the frontal lobe have strong connections with?
Definition
1. amygdala

2.hippocampus

3. limbic system
Term
functions of amygdala
Definition
1. vigilance and attention to novel stimuli

2. emotional responses (assuming positive or negative value)

3. social-emotional functions

4. processes psychological stimulus relating to salience

5. processing unpredictable behavior (survival value)
Term
what is salience?
Definition
relevance, importance
Term
which 2 structures help to process value of stimuli?
Definition
1. ventral striatum

2. prefrontal cortex
Term
3 things that amygdala recognizes
Definition
1. facial expressions

2. social behavior

3. reward/learning behavior
Term
Roles of Hippocampus
Definition
1. downregulates HPAC axis (BIS)

2. memory
Term
The BIS is activated by which parts of brain?
Definition
Amygdala

brain stem
Term
functions of the hypothalamus
Definition
-homeostasis

-water, glucose, hormones, p.h.
Term
functions of the pituitary gland
Definition
master gland

direct endocrine activity
Term
2 branches of nervous system
Definition
1. peripheral nervous system

2. central nervous system
Term
2 branches of the peripheral nervous syste
Definition
1. somatic

2. autonomic
Term
autonomic nervous sysystem: 2 branches
Definition
parasympathetic and sympathetic
Term
HPAC Axis
Definition
hypothalamus releases CRF and ACTH by the pituitary gland, which goes to the adrenal cortex

adrenaline is produced along with glucocorticoids (including cortisol)

hippocampus helps to downregulate
Term
Three D's
Definition
1. debilitated

2. Dependence

3. Dread
Term
Three D's: describe
Definition
debilitated turns into dependence and then into dread
Term
____may mediate hopelessness + dependency
Definition
dread
Term
prefrontal cortex + reactivity to certain contexts
Definition
unique learned contexts about events and feelings make some people more reactive to certain events
Term
prefrontal cortex: memories
Definition
abstract concepts

autobiographical self

contextual
Term
what part of the brain is AGNOSIA relating to?
Definition
prefrontal cortex
Term
what is agnosia?
Definition
inability to recognize things, resultant of brain damage
Term
left prefrontal cortex: functions
Definition
-analyzing info

-problem solving

-planning

-being able to anticipate consequences

-can "talk down" self from heightened arousal state (internal dialogue)
Term
right prefrontal cortex: functions
Definition
-inhibition

-withdrawal

-non-verbal functions (like reacting to facial expressions)

-spatial recognition

-coordiates feelings of risk

-social fear

-inability to interpret social cues

-nonverbal learning disabilities
Term
core consciousness: horse example
Definition
being afraid of a horse

representative device generates image, using autobiographical memory (previous accounts of horses)

affect your own state based on how you process stimuli (horse)

create anxiety; heightened arousal
Term
core consciousness: define
Definition
brain's representative devices generate imaged, nonverbal accounts of how organism's own state is affected by the way they process stimuli

it is transient

bridges with autobiographical memory an interacts with somatosensory regions of brain
Term
comorbidity occurs in __%
Definition
60%
Term
approach and avoidance motivations (7)
Definition
anger

joy

empathy

sadness

fear

guilt

shame
Term
what are the three approach-oriented emotions?
Definition
1. empathy

2. happiness

3. anger
Term
why is anger an approach motivational emotion?
Definition
anger motivates action to overcome obstacles
Term
what do withdrawal emotions do?
Definition
orient us away from the environment

avoid dangers and give up goals
Term
anger as an approach motivation
Definition
warns of readiness to act against another person’s goals
Term
4 withdrawal systems
Definition
1. shame

2. guilt

3. fear

4. sadness
Term
happiness as approach + survival value: baby's smile as example
Definition
baby's smile signals sign of approach

invites and maintains caregiver's attention
Term
why does sadness have survival value?
Definition
elicits comfort from others
Term
why does sadness have survival value?
Definition
elicits comfort from others
Term
anger: survival value
Definition
persistance

power

dominant behavior

warns others of readiness to act against goals
Term
how does anger help you to approach obstacles?
Definition
1. appraise that goals are blocked and that you still want to achieve them

assert best interest, establish dominance, autonomy, and identity
Term
5 symptoms of psychopathology in underregulation of anger
Definition
1. rudeness

2. aggression

3. rage

4. irritability

5. hostility
Term
what does overregulated anger look like?
Definition
unable to experience and communicate justified anger that would be useful in signaling an acute need and solving problem

ex: kid cannot stand up for himself
Term
what is "externalizing" ?
Definition
symptoms that disrupt or disturb others
Term
what is the goal of externalizing a disorder?
Definition
move against the world
Term
what is the main function of emotion?
Definition
to organize readiness

to establish, maintain, or change modes of relating to the environment
Term
what do kids with externalizing issues look like?
Definition
definat, oppositional, aggressive when trying to reach their goals at the cost of disrupting relationships with others
Term
How does society view males externalizing their anger (anger displays)?
Definition
more acceptable than in girls

may contribute to boys greater rates of overt aggression
Term
How do girls usually externalize anger?
Definition
overregulate anger expressions in certain interpersonal contexts

context = very important
Term
Coercive cycle model of externalizing disorders
Definition
young child defies parent because of anger

parent becomes angry

escalation of each others anger

mutually angry.... leads to externalization problems in child because parent is not modulating
Term
in children, suppression of strongly felt anger may lead to...
Definition
self-criticism

blame

depression
Term
why is happiness approach-oriented?
Definition
motivates to reach out into environment in order to promote personal growth and relationships with others
Term
happy feelings active the ___ side of prefrontal cortex
Definition
left
Term
poorly regulated feelings of happiness associated with symptoms of...
Definition
impulsivity

expaniveness

ADHD and mania
Term
depressed adults have lower activation of _____ PFC
Definition
left
Term
depressed adults have lower activation of _____ PFC
Definition
left
Term
2 forms of empathy
Definition
1. empathic concern

2. personal distress
Term
empathic concern
Definition
empathy

approach-oriented
Term
personal distress
Definition
empathy

withdraw; involves fear and anxiety and withdraw from discomfort
Term
when does empathy become psychopathology?
Definition
when child feels empathy for others and ignores own needs

becomes pattern; depression and anxiety
Term
inability to upregulate empathy is a risk factor for ____ (2)
Definition
conduct disorder

antisocial personality disorder
Term
high levels of empathy (underregulation) can lead to...
Definition
exaggerated responsibility for others

low self autonomy

passivity

low self esteem
depression
Term
sadness orients...
Definition
withdrawal
Term
intense or frequent sadness can lead to...
Definition
1. giving up goals

2. behaviors that are common with depression
Term
in children that are in an environment that they are unable to escape stress _____
Definition
become depressed

style of reacting to challenge with sadness and risk for depression
Term
rumination
Definition
thinking and talking about one's depressive symptoms

may make symptoms worse
Term
feelings of sadness are relating to __ side of PFC
Definition
right
Term
children with depressed mothers
Definition
more responsive to sad than to happy expression by their mothers

could make kids ruminate more
Term
overregulation of sadness can lead to....
Definition
substance abuse problems

inability to express feelings

inability to copee
Term
what sex is at higher risk for overregulating sadness?
Definition
males

cultural norms
Term
what is fear withdrawing from?
Definition
danger
Term
what is generalized anxiety disorder?
Definition
FEAR

excessive worrying
Term
what is social phobia
Definition
intense FEAR of negative evaluation of others
Term
what is behavioral inhibition
Definition
respond to novel stimulus by stopping action

FEAR
Term
overregulation of fear is associated with what psychological disorder
Definition
antisocial behavior
Term
overregulation of fear: why it is a problem
Definition
insufficient fearfulness when presented with situations that should be dangerous

do not understand consequences
Term
why is shame an aversive emotion
Definition
occurs when one perceives self as being inadequate
Term
shame and guilt motivate a person to _____
Definition
care about socially determined values

morals
Term
intense shame can result in....
Definition
being turned against others

conduct disorder
antisocial personality disorder
narcissistic disorder
Term
underregulation of guilt can lead to
Definition
excessive self-blame
feelings of hopelessness
depression
Term
overregulation of guilt can lead to...
Definition
conduct problems

aggressive behavior
Term
transactional model of psychopathology
Definition
environmental stress interacts with individual's emotion regulatory style to determine psychopathology
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