Term
| overregulation is associated with _____ behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-absence of fear
-lower sympathetic arousal
-associated with antisocial behavior |
|
|
Term
| lower resting heart rates in 3 year olds is related to.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower resting heart rate in three year olds predicts.... |
|
Definition
| more severe aggressive conduct at age 11 |
|
|
Term
| underactive fear response may correspond with ______ |
|
Definition
lack of personal distress
decrease in empathy |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety is a ____ emotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can anxiety be adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
always working to diminish anxiety in our unconscious
overactive limbic system |
|
|
Term
| physiological reactions to shame |
|
Definition
swearing
anxiety
blushing
gaze-aversion
more aware of body
self-contempt |
|
|
Term
| difference between shame and guilt |
|
Definition
guilt = relating to a particular event
shame = self is inadequate in some way; not measuring to an ideal image; socially determined values (incompetence) |
|
|
Term
| Shame and guilt: monitoring |
|
Definition
constant monitoring of self and others
comparison |
|
|
Term
| Shame and guilt: preschoolers with depressed mothers |
|
Definition
-immature cognitive processes
-child assumes fault and unresolved guilt
-do not feel worthy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity to tolerate and recover from guilt + shame |
|
|
Term
| how is modulation learned? What |
|
Definition
at an early age
parents, upbringing |
|
|
Term
| What can happen if modulation is not taught? |
|
Definition
low self-esteem
believe that their affective needs are unacceptable |
|
|
Term
| what disorder is shame correlated with? |
|
Definition
depressive symptoms
(desire to disappear) |
|
|
Term
| How can shame and culture have a negative effect? |
|
Definition
| eating disorders (mediates the connection between thin body standards and disorderly eating) |
|
|
Term
| How can shame and culture have a positive effect? |
|
Definition
asian cultures
shame as motivator to live within collectivistic values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
personality organized around defending against self-contempt
sense of awfulness inside, pretend to think they are special as a defense mechanism |
|
|
Term
| low levels of guilt related to ________ |
|
Definition
low levels of empathetic concerns
conduct problems |
|
|
Term
| what does emotional education entail? |
|
Definition
teaching of social shame
child learns through specific personal relationships
learn about feelings and desires
learn how to attend to and label feelings
express feelings |
|
|
Term
| three steps of social learning process |
|
Definition
1. observing behavior
2. imitating behavior
3. determine if you can do it (reinforced) |
|
|
Term
| purpose of expressive displays? |
|
Definition
-activate emotional predisposition
-meaning of displays is known to receiver
-conversation between limbic systems |
|
|
Term
| define: emotional competence |
|
Definition
| -be able to effectively with internal environmental, social environmental, and external world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
child biologically pre-disposed to particular temperaments
-consistent by first grade |
|
|
Term
| by which grade have children established consistent emotional regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is emotional disregulation? |
|
Definition
| difficulty with flexible regulation to coordinate individual goals and needs of others |
|
|
Term
| reciprocal model of emotion: |
|
Definition
individual regulatory style of emotion interacts with environment
depends on caregivers capacity to respond
if physically abused, then hypersensitive to angry microexpressions |
|
|
Term
| recirprocal model of emotion: what happens if a child is abused? |
|
Definition
might be hypersensitive to angry facial expressions
might over-interpret peers' behavior as being hostile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficulty with identifying and discussing emotions
more common in males
associated with antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| alexithymia is associated with which disorder? |
|
Definition
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| what is a biological vulnerability? |
|
Definition
| relationship between disorder and brain function |
|
|
Term
| How do we measure psychopathology? List 3 types of scans |
|
Definition
1. MRI
2. PET
3. Electrophysiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inject radioactive substances tracking oxygen in blood in specific areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
detailed picture of brain
measures atoms |
|
|
Term
| what is electrophysiology? |
|
Definition
measure brain oscillations in functioning
electrodes |
|
|
Term
| overall purpose of the frontal lobes? |
|
Definition
| executive cognitive functioning |
|
|
Term
| function of pre-frontal cortex |
|
Definition
goal-oriented
maintain conscious attention |
|
|
Term
| when is the pre-frontal cortex fully developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the pre-frontal cortex during an anxious state? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what parts of the brain does the frontal lobe have strong connections with? |
|
Definition
1. amygdala
2.hippocampus
3. limbic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vigilance and attention to novel stimuli
2. emotional responses (assuming positive or negative value)
3. social-emotional functions
4. processes psychological stimulus relating to salience
5. processing unpredictable behavior (survival value) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which 2 structures help to process value of stimuli? |
|
Definition
1. ventral striatum
2. prefrontal cortex |
|
|
Term
| 3 things that amygdala recognizes |
|
Definition
1. facial expressions
2. social behavior
3. reward/learning behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. downregulates HPAC axis (BIS)
2. memory |
|
|
Term
| The BIS is activated by which parts of brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
-homeostasis
-water, glucose, hormones, p.h. |
|
|
Term
| functions of the pituitary gland |
|
Definition
master gland
direct endocrine activity |
|
|
Term
| 2 branches of nervous system |
|
Definition
1. peripheral nervous system
2. central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| 2 branches of the peripheral nervous syste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| autonomic nervous sysystem: 2 branches |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypothalamus releases CRF and ACTH by the pituitary gland, which goes to the adrenal cortex
adrenaline is produced along with glucocorticoids (including cortisol)
hippocampus helps to downregulate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. debilitated
2. Dependence
3. Dread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| debilitated turns into dependence and then into dread |
|
|
Term
| ____may mediate hopelessness + dependency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prefrontal cortex + reactivity to certain contexts |
|
Definition
| unique learned contexts about events and feelings make some people more reactive to certain events |
|
|
Term
| prefrontal cortex: memories |
|
Definition
abstract concepts
autobiographical self
contextual |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain is AGNOSIA relating to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inability to recognize things, resultant of brain damage |
|
|
Term
| left prefrontal cortex: functions |
|
Definition
-analyzing info
-problem solving
-planning
-being able to anticipate consequences
-can "talk down" self from heightened arousal state (internal dialogue) |
|
|
Term
| right prefrontal cortex: functions |
|
Definition
-inhibition
-withdrawal
-non-verbal functions (like reacting to facial expressions)
-spatial recognition
-coordiates feelings of risk
-social fear
-inability to interpret social cues
-nonverbal learning disabilities |
|
|
Term
| core consciousness: horse example |
|
Definition
being afraid of a horse
representative device generates image, using autobiographical memory (previous accounts of horses)
affect your own state based on how you process stimuli (horse)
create anxiety; heightened arousal |
|
|
Term
| core consciousness: define |
|
Definition
brain's representative devices generate imaged, nonverbal accounts of how organism's own state is affected by the way they process stimuli
it is transient
bridges with autobiographical memory an interacts with somatosensory regions of brain |
|
|
Term
| comorbidity occurs in __% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| approach and avoidance motivations (7) |
|
Definition
anger
joy
empathy
sadness
fear
guilt
shame |
|
|
Term
| what are the three approach-oriented emotions? |
|
Definition
1. empathy
2. happiness
3. anger |
|
|
Term
| why is anger an approach motivational emotion? |
|
Definition
| anger motivates action to overcome obstacles |
|
|
Term
| what do withdrawal emotions do? |
|
Definition
orient us away from the environment
avoid dangers and give up goals |
|
|
Term
| anger as an approach motivation |
|
Definition
| warns of readiness to act against another person’s goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. shame
2. guilt
3. fear
4. sadness |
|
|
Term
| happiness as approach + survival value: baby's smile as example |
|
Definition
baby's smile signals sign of approach
invites and maintains caregiver's attention |
|
|
Term
| why does sadness have survival value? |
|
Definition
| elicits comfort from others |
|
|
Term
| why does sadness have survival value? |
|
Definition
| elicits comfort from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
persistance
power
dominant behavior
warns others of readiness to act against goals |
|
|
Term
| how does anger help you to approach obstacles? |
|
Definition
1. appraise that goals are blocked and that you still want to achieve them
assert best interest, establish dominance, autonomy, and identity |
|
|
Term
| 5 symptoms of psychopathology in underregulation of anger |
|
Definition
1. rudeness
2. aggression
3. rage
4. irritability
5. hostility |
|
|
Term
| what does overregulated anger look like? |
|
Definition
unable to experience and communicate justified anger that would be useful in signaling an acute need and solving problem
ex: kid cannot stand up for himself |
|
|
Term
| what is "externalizing" ? |
|
Definition
| symptoms that disrupt or disturb others |
|
|
Term
| what is the goal of externalizing a disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main function of emotion? |
|
Definition
to organize readiness
to establish, maintain, or change modes of relating to the environment |
|
|
Term
| what do kids with externalizing issues look like? |
|
Definition
| definat, oppositional, aggressive when trying to reach their goals at the cost of disrupting relationships with others |
|
|
Term
| How does society view males externalizing their anger (anger displays)? |
|
Definition
more acceptable than in girls
may contribute to boys greater rates of overt aggression |
|
|
Term
| How do girls usually externalize anger? |
|
Definition
overregulate anger expressions in certain interpersonal contexts
context = very important |
|
|
Term
| Coercive cycle model of externalizing disorders |
|
Definition
young child defies parent because of anger
parent becomes angry
escalation of each others anger
mutually angry.... leads to externalization problems in child because parent is not modulating |
|
|
Term
| in children, suppression of strongly felt anger may lead to... |
|
Definition
self-criticism
blame
depression |
|
|
Term
| why is happiness approach-oriented? |
|
Definition
| motivates to reach out into environment in order to promote personal growth and relationships with others |
|
|
Term
| happy feelings active the ___ side of prefrontal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| poorly regulated feelings of happiness associated with symptoms of... |
|
Definition
impulsivity
expaniveness
ADHD and mania |
|
|
Term
| depressed adults have lower activation of _____ PFC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depressed adults have lower activation of _____ PFC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. empathic concern
2. personal distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
empathy
withdraw; involves fear and anxiety and withdraw from discomfort |
|
|
Term
| when does empathy become psychopathology? |
|
Definition
when child feels empathy for others and ignores own needs
becomes pattern; depression and anxiety |
|
|
Term
| inability to upregulate empathy is a risk factor for ____ (2) |
|
Definition
conduct disorder
antisocial personality disorder |
|
|
Term
| high levels of empathy (underregulation) can lead to... |
|
Definition
exaggerated responsibility for others
low self autonomy
passivity
low self esteem
depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intense or frequent sadness can lead to... |
|
Definition
1. giving up goals
2. behaviors that are common with depression |
|
|
Term
| in children that are in an environment that they are unable to escape stress _____ |
|
Definition
become depressed
style of reacting to challenge with sadness and risk for depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thinking and talking about one's depressive symptoms
may make symptoms worse |
|
|
Term
| feelings of sadness are relating to __ side of PFC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| children with depressed mothers |
|
Definition
more responsive to sad than to happy expression by their mothers
could make kids ruminate more |
|
|
Term
| overregulation of sadness can lead to.... |
|
Definition
substance abuse problems
inability to express feelings
inability to copee |
|
|
Term
| what sex is at higher risk for overregulating sadness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fear withdrawing from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is generalized anxiety disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intense FEAR of negative evaluation of others |
|
|
Term
| what is behavioral inhibition |
|
Definition
respond to novel stimulus by stopping action
FEAR |
|
|
Term
| overregulation of fear is associated with what psychological disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| overregulation of fear: why it is a problem |
|
Definition
insufficient fearfulness when presented with situations that should be dangerous
do not understand consequences |
|
|
Term
| why is shame an aversive emotion |
|
Definition
| occurs when one perceives self as being inadequate |
|
|
Term
| shame and guilt motivate a person to _____ |
|
Definition
care about socially determined values
morals |
|
|
Term
| intense shame can result in.... |
|
Definition
being turned against others
conduct disorder
antisocial personality disorder
narcissistic disorder |
|
|
Term
| underregulation of guilt can lead to |
|
Definition
excessive self-blame
feelings of hopelessness
depression |
|
|
Term
| overregulation of guilt can lead to... |
|
Definition
conduct problems
aggressive behavior |
|
|
Term
| transactional model of psychopathology |
|
Definition
| environmental stress interacts with individual's emotion regulatory style to determine psychopathology |
|
|
