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Psychopathology exam 1
exam 1
74
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
01/17/2013

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Term
Criteria to be a Mental Disorder
Definition
-clinically significant

-associated with distress and disability or impairment in an important area of functioning

-Person is at risk for suffering pain, death, imprisonment etc

-needs to be dysfunctional according to culture
Term
3 components to mental disorders that we look at
Definition
behavior

psychological

biological
Term
How does the DSM classify disorders?
Definition
does not include etiology; just describes problems in individual with symptoms and criteria
Term
Define: Syndrome
Definition
cluster of abnormal behavior associate with distress, disability, or high risk
Term
Define: psychopathology
Definition
syndromal cluster of defining symptoms on a continuum of behavior that needs to be explained
Term
What are the three things you should ask when you are analyzing psychopathology?
Definition
1. where is the psychopathology located? in the inividual, family, or cultural and social structures?

2. Etiology? Is it functional or organic

3. Vulnerability? genetics, environmental circumstances that threaten or harm individual biologically, psychologically, or physically. (ex: neglect, war, abuse, poverty, etc).
Term
Define: functional etiology
Definition
psychiatric
Term
Define: organic etiology
Definition
neurological

biological
Term
Abusive parenting and gene-environmental interaction
Definition
abusive parenting may change gene-expression, development of brain structures, and behavior patterns
Term
what are the unique human aspects of psychopathology? (7)
Definition
1. human brain is adaptive

2. we can recognize faces

3. we can attribute causality

4. infer internal states of others

5. seek healing and explanations for suffering

6. language: can talk about suffering expand social networks, influence others

7. we have CULTURE
Term
define: additive
Definition
certain percentages given to each part
Term
genes and environment interaction: why isn't it additive?
Definition
you do not have a certain % of genes and a certain % environment
Term
what is the purpose of giving a diagnosis?
Definition
gives a way of classifying conditions
Term
how is prognosis determined?
Definition
Treatment choices determined by their strengths (do they have theory of mind? cognitive reasoning skills?)

etiology does not dictate treatment

peer review journals and third party payments have effect
Term
what is biological psychiatry?
Definition
organic

brain structure and function as center of understanding
Term
how would a biological psychiatrist view a child with depression?
Definition
psychiatrist focuses on differences on neurotransmitters
Term
What branch of psychology is often considered to be reductionistic?
Definition
biological psychiatry
Term
why is biological psychiatry considered to be reductionistic?
Definition
does not address effects of environment on brain structure or interpersonal relationships and social context
Term
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Definition
includes emotion and arousal

tries to explain how experiences alter brain structures
Term
how can early experience affect brain structure?
Definition
experiences select which neuronal connections to preserve as a child. Later experiences add and subtract synapses/connections as necessary

example: if you see a dog an it runs after you, then you may develop the connection that dogs are dangerous
Term
what is the best model for psychopathology?
Definition
diathesis-stress model
Term
what is the diathesis-stress model?
Definition
gene variants and environmental risk factors interact to change brain development which affects neurophsychological development and affects behavior (as shown in symptoms).

behaviors/symptoms affect brain development and social environment's response to the child
Term
Brain plasticity
Definition
Brain is continuously revising itself throughout life.

Connections made during lifetime are central to personality development!
Term
What is the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology?
Definition
Acknowledges change and that each person has different experiences that shapes behavior and personality, whereas the DSM-IV labels mental disorders based solely on having "x" amount of items on a criteria list.
Term
What is the problem with stress research?
Definition
Researchers do not read each other's journals and often only care about their own opinions
Term
What do we need in order to improve stress research?
Definition
1. definitions that everyone agrees on

2. taxonomy based on these definitions (What kinds of stress exist?)

3. Developmental approach (How does stress effect people at different stages of development?)

4. Need to realize that stress isn't always a bad thing; can be adaptive
Term
Stimulus-based definition of stress
Definition
environmental events or chronic conditions objectively threaten the physical or psychological health of an individual in a particular age in a particular society

(context is very important!!!)
Term
Define: Psychological stress
Definition
Appraisal (based on individual's perception of situation) of a particular relationship between and enviroment and an event that is either endangering a person's well-being or draining them of their resources
Term
What are appraisal processes affected by?
Definition
1. genetics

2. what stage of development an individual is in
Term
Why do we want to be able to measure levels of stress?
Definition
to be able to predict likelihood of psychopathology

-assess the stressors experienced recently and during lifetime
Term
Self-report checklists for stress
Definition
-checklists for stress factors

-If assessing child's stress, parents need to do it for them

-specific populations need different checklists (experience different things; culture)
Term
Problems relating to self-report checklists (2)
Definition
1. there is only a limited range of items that can be placed on checklist; how do you decide which ones should be used?

2. Can lead to over-reporting of events
Term
Problems with stressor interviews
Definition
1. children may not tell the truth

2. Kids may project ideas from family

3. People (especially kids) do not always tell of abuse

4. Adults may lie to avoid embarassment

5. Kids may not have the vocabulary or aptitude to answer questions
Term
Define: interaction effects
Definition
relationships between stressors and psychopathology
Term
Why is Structural Equation Modeling used?
Definition
leads to predictions about psychopathology
Term
What is structural equation modeling?
Definition
-analysis of covariance structures

-CORRELATION

-Has multiple dimensions rather than just 2; pull out some factors to see what changes

example: pull out factor "having a parent that loves you as a child" and you the kid may not have as useful of a career as an adult.
Term
What does structural equation modeling TEST?
Definition
complex moderational and meditational models
Term
Define: Moderating Processes
Definition
characteristic that an indiviual brings to situation

ex: genetics, social network, environment, etc

AFFECTS RELATIONSHIP BUT DOES NOT CAUSE IT
Term
Moderating and mediating processses: Which causes psychopathology?
Definition
mediators
Term
Mediating processes
Definition
caused by current stressful experience through mediator; independent variable affects dependent variable

ex: mother's behavior after stressful event happens to kid and he looks to mother to see how she reacts. Mother's reaction = mediator
Term
cognitive meditational processes are generated by _______
Definition
stressors
Term
cognitive ____ processes are more salient in kids than cognitive ____ processes
Definition
cognitive mediating processes are more salient in kids than cognitive moderating processes
Term
Why are cognitive mediating processes more salient in kids than cognitive moderating processes?
Definition
kids haven't had enough time and experience to establish well developed cognitive attribution coping styles

ex: divorce of parents at 12 months vs 5 years vs 16 years

Early developmental stressors can produce irreversible effects
(ex: attachment disorder relating to a divorce can cause a child to not grow synapses for bonding)
Term
Where does the vulnerability stress model originate?
Definition
when schizophrenia was first studied
Term
What is the vulnerability-Stress model?
Definition
vulnerability and stress are components that contribute to psychopathology
Term
Diathesis stress model
Definition
refer to stressors proximal to onset of disorder

ex: PTSD. stress closer to onset (War, traumatic events, etc.)

Distal stressors can also influence reaction to stressors later in life!!
Term
Stress
Definition
life events that distort those mechanisms that maintain stability (homeostasis) of individual's physiology, emotions, or cognition
Term
stress relating to learning
Definition
social skills deficits, appraisal processes

ex: classes may be more stressful for some than others
Term
Stress relating to biology
Definition
Genetics

brain physiology patterns relating to injury or experiences
Term
pre-morbid
Definition
before full-blown symptoms develop

risk factors
Term
vulnerability
Definition
trait, moderators

-relatively stable and permanent in a particular person
Term
when can a vulnerability change?
Definition
can change through additional traumas or psychoptherapy
Term
edogenous
Definition
comes from inside
Term
latent
Definition
"hides in shadows a comes forward later on"
Term
____ is endogenous and latent
Definition
vulnerability
Term
How can a particular type of stressor be linked with a particular type of psychological problem?
Definition
via a mediating process
Term
How can a mediator become a moderator?
Definition
1. people exposed to stressor generating psychological problem. add mediator by giving them a COPING STRATEGY. It becomes a moderator because it becomes integrated into their cognitive processes and they can use it alleviate future stress
Term
use temperament as an example of how moderators can predict exposure to stress
Definition
Temperament (moderator) -> become hurt easily -> may have a difficult time in school
Term
Neuroticism as an example of a moderator
Definition
Neuroticism: based on 5-factor model of personality; REACTIVITY, a characteristic that all people have to difficult degrees

Perceive stressful situations as being more stressful than most other people do. Begin to generate own stressful environment because of reactivity
Term
Define: scars
Definition
function as a MEDIATOR

ex: child exposed to loss that overwhelms their ability to incorporate (mom killed in car accident) -> may develop pessimistic explanatory style and feel that nothing can be trusted -> this may become a fixed pattern over time
Term
risk
Definition
-factors correlated with increased likelihood of having disorder

-does not specify what caused the disorder

-
Term
HPAC axis: fight or flight
Definition
Anxiety an panic; fight or flight response

activation of sympathetic nervous system in response to fear

Amygdala sends message to hypothalamus

hypothalamus sends message to pituitary

pituitary sends message to adrenal gland

Adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine + CORTISOL (stress hormone)

increase in heart rate and hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose
Term
alexathymia
Definition
not having words for feelings
Term
through the ___, the IV affects the DV
Definition
mediator
Term
difference between vulnerability and risk
Definition
risk does not inform about actual mechanism

ex: asian women exposed to western body values are at risk but do not develop eating disorder unless they have genetic vulnerability
Term
what is an ipsative model?
Definition
inverse relationship between diathesis and stressor

more of one requires less of other to produce disease
Term
Mega-diathesis-stress model
Definition
the diathesis and stressor need to be huge in order to contribute to psychopathology
Term
Dynamic-Stress Model
Definition
relationship between diathesis and stress can change over time
Term
kindling effects
Definition
repeated episodes of depression begin to appear with decrease in stress

depression re-onset is easier and requires less stress
Term
why is depression re-onset is easier and requires less stress?
Definition
brain physiology is altered by depressive state, resulting in heightened sensitivity
Term
vulnerability model developed for Schizophrenia by MEEHL
Definition
Submissive

hyperhendonia (lack of happiness)

anxiety

introverted

trauma

unlucky events
Term
Dichotomous model
Definition
if you do not have a diathesis, then you do not have a disorder

but it is rare not to have a diathesis
Term
contemporary model: two types of diathesis
Definition
1. ecological variables: child abuse, cognitive disortions, etc

2. biological: neuropsychological disregulation
Term
diathetic threshold
Definition
point at which the people who fall below the threshold will not develop the disorder, whereas those above this level cross the threshold into the disorder
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