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Psychopathology 270
Exam 3
91
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
11/04/2009

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Cards

Term
General Adaptation Syndrome response to stress
Definition
alarm --> resistance --> exhaustion
Term
Psychophisiological Disorder
Definition
true physical illness influenced by psychological factors
Term
Two types of Stressors
Definition

1. Major life events

2. Chronic hassles

Term
Karoshi (Japan)
Definition
a condition associated with extreme work overload sometimes resulting in death
Term
Transitional Stress
Definition
associated with conflict across important developmental periods
Term
Acculturative Stress
Definition
associated with conflict assimilating or maintaining one's racial or ethnic identity
Term
Hmong sudden death syndrome
Definition

death among SE Asian refugees due to compounded hopelessness that a final trigger caused cardiac arrest

may also be due to a nutritional deficit (biological deficiency)

Term
Stress Appraisals
Definition

Primary: "Is it a threat to my well being?"

Secondary: "Do I have the resources to effectively cope with it?"

Term
Langer and Rodin Study of personal control vs. mortality rates
Definition
found those given control of actions lived longer than those with control taken away
Term
College Student's Disease
Definition

due to stress; heightened admissions to health services just before exams/papers due

influenced by lack of sleep and change in diet

Term
Psychoneuroimmunology
Definition
examines how the immune system mediates the link between stress and illness
Term
Essential Hypertension
Definition

chronic high blood pressure without known physical cause

can lead to arteriosclerosis, increased risk of strokes and heart attacks

Term
Asthma
Definition

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs

attacks precipitated or exacerbated by emotional and intrapersonal factors

Term
Coronary Heart Disease
Definition

blockage of blood flow and oxygen in arteries (atherosclerosis) leading to heart attack or cardiac arrest

#1 cause of death in US

Term
Personality at risk for CHD
Definition

Type A

benign - competitive, achiever

unhealthy - hostile, irritable

Term
Tension headaches
Definition
due to muscle contraction in neck and head which causes vascular constriction and steady pain
Term
Migrane headaches
Definition

moderate to severe pain from constriction of cranial arteries followed by dilation of cerebral blood vessels

symptoms are nausea, sensitivity to light, sound, odors, and movement

Term
Obesity
Definition

obese if BMI>30

possible causes: genetic predisposition, decreased metabolism, greater response to food stimuli, sedentary lifestyle

Term
Insomnia
Definition
problems in initiating or maintaining sleep
Term
Hypersomnia
Definition
excessive sleepiness, difficult to diagnose
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition

sudden irresistable episodes of sleep

"sleep attacks"

Term
Sleep paralysis
Definition
total loss of muscle tone during sleep
Term
HIV/AIDS
Definition
decrease stress to help AIDS patients live a better, more meaningful life
Term
Stressors
Definition
external events/situations that place a physical or psychological demand over a person
Term
Stress
Definition
internal psychological or physiological response to a stressor
Term
Acute Stress Disorder
Definition
anxiety and dissociative symptoms that occur within one month of a traumatic stressor
Term
Cluster headaches
Definition

excruciating stabbing or burning sensation located in eye or cheek

occur in cycles, chronic (every week)

Term
Biofeedback training
Definition
voluntarily control some physiological functions (ie heart rate or blood pressure) patient is rewarded until behavior becomes a habit
Term
Depressive Episode
Definition
feelings of hopelessness and helplessness, anhedonia, change in appetite, sleep, behavior, feelings of guilt/shame, thoughts of suicide
Term
Anhedonia
Definition
not experiencing pleasure in things that normally are pleasing
Term
Manic Episode
Definition
elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, decrease in sleep, increase in talkativeness, increase in hyperactivity and reckless behavior
Term
Major Depressive Disorder
Definition
occurs without manic episodes; depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, pessimistic beliefs, social withdrawl, low energy level, appetite and weight changes, etc
Term
Bipolar Disorder (2 types)
Definition

involves both manic and depressive episodes

Type 1: mania is dominant

Type 2: depression is dominant

Term
Dysthymia
Definition
mild persistance of depressive symptoms
Term
Cyclothymia
Definition
mild persistance of depressive symptoms
Term
Clark and Watson's Tripartite Model
Definition

Depression= low + effect (anhedonia)

Common= high - effect

Anxiety= heightened physiological arousal

Term
Men vs. Women in Suicide
Definition

men= 3xs more likely to commit

women= 3xs more likely to attempt

Term
Parasuicidal Behaviors
Definition
risky behaviors that can "easily" lead to death
Term
Euthanasia
Definition
assisted suicide, typically involved in cases related to chronic illness
Term
Psychodynamic View of Depression
Definition
due to reacivated loss -  anger turned inward (self becomes target)
Term
Humanistic/Existential View of Depression
Definition
response to inauthenticity - fear of being alone, leading a compromised life (unhappy with life)
Term
Behavioral View of Depression
Definition
extinction/reduction in reinforcement (i.e. breakups)
Term
Cognitive View of Depression
Definition
thoughts of hoplelessness/helplessness
Term
Learned helplessness model
Definition

belief that one is helpless and unable to effect outcomes in life, attribute problems as

1. Internal (something about me)

2. Stable (happens all the time)

3. Global (happens in all situations)

Term
Sociocultural View of Depression
Definition
cultural/religious influences on the way we think about suicide (i.e. mandated suicide of kamikaze pilots in Japan)
Term
Biological View of Depression
Definition
seasonal affective disorder
Term
Scar Hypothesis
Definition
just as physical scars may never completely heal and get worse over time, emotional scars may only fester and bring upon further emotional complications
Term
Melancholia
Definition
loss of pleasure, guilt, weight loss
Term
Catatonia
Definition
motoric immobility, agitation, negativism
Term
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Definition
applying moderate electrical voltage to patients brain
Term
Social Rhythm Therapy
Definition
creation of routines in day to day life
Term
Causes of Suicide
Definition
genetic predisposition, alcohol abuse, hopelessness, depression, gender, occupation
Term
Lethality
Definition
probablility that a person will choose to end his/her life
Term
Personality Disorders
Definition
long standing maladaptive patterns of thought and behavior that impairs functioning or emotional well-being
Term
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Definition
chronic pansituational unwarrented suspiciousness; chronic scanning of environment, reluctance to trust others, impairment of functioning, view that problem resides in others (external)
Term
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Definition
subclinical expression of schizophrenic-like symptoms including oddities in speech, behavior, thinking, and perception
Term
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Definition

restricted range of emotions and a strong preference for social isolation, impairment of social functioning, prefer a hermit-like existance

can be functional in society

Term
Borderline Personality Disorder
Definition
lack self-identity, both distrustful and dependent on others, impulsive and self-destructive, lack adequate control of intense emotions
Term
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Definition
exaggerated self-dramatization to manipulate, attention seeking, superficial warmth but shallow relationships, self-absorbed, flirtatious behavior
Term
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Definition

grandiose sense of self-importance combined with feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem

require attention and admiration, cannot accept criticism

Term
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Definition

social withdrawl due to fear of rejection and humiliation (rather than desire)

crave attention but fear social contacts

Term
Dependent Personality Disorder
Definition
excessive dependence on others, unable to make own decisions, fear abandonment, lack self-confidence
Term
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)
Definition
excessive preoccupation with trivialities at the expense of spontaneity and effectiveness, interpersonally controlling
Term
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Definition
a predatory behavior toward people, antisocial behavior typically involves criminal acts, failure to meet responsibilities, irritable and aggressive, disregard for truth
Term
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Definition
aggressive and unprovoked outbursts in which a person assults others or destroys property
Term
Kleptomania
Definition
compulsive stealing
Term
Pyromania
Definition
fire setting for pleasure
Term
Pathological Gambling
Definition
chronic/progressive failure to resist gambling
Term
Trichotillomania
Definition
compulsive pulling of one's scalp, facial, or body hair - releases pleasurable feeling
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
substances that alter psychological state
Term
Substance Dependence (3 out of 7)
Definition

1. preoccupation with drug

2. unintentional overdose

3. tolerance is increased

4. withdrawl without substance

5. attempts to control use

6. abandonment of social and personal responsibilities

7. continued use of drug despite negative effects

Term
Substance Abuse (1 out of 4)
Definition

1. recurrent drug-related failure to engage in socially appropriate behavior

2. use of drug in dangerous situations

3. criminal behavior due to drug need

4. continued use of substance despite negative social consequences

Term
Binge Drinking
Definition
more than 4 or 5 drinks at a time on at least three occasions during the previous 2 weeks
Term
2 Windows of Alcoholism Vulnerability
Definition

1. 18-25

2. late middle age - "midlife crisis"

Term
Short-term effects of alcohol
Definition
change in mood and behavior, decreased judgement, decreased anger control, tension relief
Term
Long-term effects of alcohol
Definition

psychological: maladaptive coping, decreased self-esteem, decreased functioning

physiological: ulcer degradation, live cirrhosis

Term
Ethnic group at greatest risk for alcoholism
Definition

Native Americans

by-product of historical and government oppression

low rates of education, low socioeconomic class

Term
Antabuse
Definition
when coupled with alcohol makes a person vomit (behavioral conditioning)
Term
Nicotine Dependence
Definition

tension relieving/calming effect initially

stimulates nervous system

Term
Behavioral View of Smoking
Definition
smoking associated with important reinforcers
Term
2 Symptoms that indicate physiological dependence
Definition

1. tolerance

2. withdrawl

Term
Depressants or Sedatives
Definition

cause depression of CNS and a slowing of responses

alcohol, narcotics (opiates), barbiturates, benzodiazepines

Term
Stimulants
Definition

substances that energize the CNS - elation, grandiosity, hyperactivity, agitation, and appetite suppression

amphetamines (speed), club drugs, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine/crack

Term
Most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world
Definition
Caffine
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition

produce hallucinations, vivid sensory awareness, increased alertness, or perceptions of increased insight

marajuana (mildest and most common), LSD, PCP

Term
Treatment of Substance-Use Disorders (2 Steps)
Definition

1. detoxification: user is immediately or eventually prevented from consuming the substance (may experience withdrawl)

2. intervention programs attempt to prevent user from returning to the substance

Term
Aversion Therapy
Definition
response to stimulus decreased by pairing it with an aversive stimulus
Term
Covert Sensitization
Definition
aversive conditioning technique where patient imagines a noxious stimulus occuring in presence of a behavior
Term
Skills Training
Definition
teaching skills for resisting peer pressures or temptations, resolving emotional problems ,or for more effective communication
Term
Reinforcing Abstinence
Definition
patient is given behavioral reinforcements for abstinence from substance use
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