1. Major life events

2. Chronic hassles

death among SE Asian refugees due to compounded hopelessness that a final trigger caused cardiac arrest

may also be due to a nutritional deficit (biological deficiency)

Primary: "Is it a threat to my well being?"

Secondary: "Do I have the resources to effectively cope with it?"

due to stress; heightened admissions to health services just before exams/papers due

influenced by lack of sleep and change in diet

chronic high blood pressure without known physical cause

can lead to arteriosclerosis, increased risk of strokes and heart attacks

chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs

attacks precipitated or exacerbated by emotional and intrapersonal factors

blockage of blood flow and oxygen in arteries (atherosclerosis) leading to heart attack or cardiac arrest

#1 cause of death in US

Type A

benign - competitive, achiever

unhealthy - hostile, irritable

moderate to severe pain from constriction of cranial arteries followed by dilation of cerebral blood vessels

symptoms are nausea, sensitivity to light, sound, odors, and movement

obese if BMI>30

possible causes: genetic predisposition, decreased metabolism, greater response to food stimuli, sedentary lifestyle

sudden irresistable episodes of sleep

"sleep attacks"

excruciating stabbing or burning sensation located in eye or cheek

occur in cycles, chronic (every week)

involves both manic and depressive episodes

Type 1: mania is dominant

Type 2: depression is dominant

Depression= low + effect (anhedonia)

Common= high - effect

Anxiety= heightened physiological arousal

men= 3xs more likely to commit

women= 3xs more likely to attempt

belief that one is helpless and unable to effect outcomes in life, attribute problems as

1. Internal (something about me)

2. Stable (happens all the time)

3. Global (happens in all situations)

restricted range of emotions and a strong preference for social isolation, impairment of social functioning, prefer a hermit-like existance

can be functional in society

grandiose sense of self-importance combined with feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem

require attention and admiration, cannot accept criticism

social withdrawl due to fear of rejection and humiliation (rather than desire)

crave attention but fear social contacts

1. preoccupation with drug

2. unintentional overdose

3. tolerance is increased

4. withdrawl without substance

5. attempts to control use

6. abandonment of social and personal responsibilities

7. continued use of drug despite negative effects

1. recurrent drug-related failure to engage in socially appropriate behavior

2. use of drug in dangerous situations

3. criminal behavior due to drug need

4. continued use of substance despite negative social consequences

1. 18-25

2. late middle age - "midlife crisis"

psychological: maladaptive coping, decreased self-esteem, decreased functioning

physiological: ulcer degradation, live cirrhosis

Native Americans

by-product of historical and government oppression

low rates of education, low socioeconomic class

tension relieving/calming effect initially

stimulates nervous system

1. tolerance

2. withdrawl

cause depression of CNS and a slowing of responses

alcohol, narcotics (opiates), barbiturates, benzodiazepines

substances that energize the CNS - elation, grandiosity, hyperactivity, agitation, and appetite suppression

amphetamines (speed), club drugs, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine/crack

produce hallucinations, vivid sensory awareness, increased alertness, or perceptions of increased insight

marajuana (mildest and most common), LSD, PCP

1. detoxification: user is immediately or eventually prevented from consuming the substance (may experience withdrawl)

2. intervention programs attempt to prevent user from returning to the substance