Term
|
Definition
| Involves goal directed behaviour- needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activitis that reduce this tension. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour - incentive theories propose that external stimuli regulate motivational states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drive theories emphasie how internal states of tension push people in certain directions. Whereas incentive theories emphasize how external stimuli pull people in certain directions. |
|
|
Term
| Expectancy-value models are _______ theories that.... |
|
Definition
Incentive...
take into account the reality that people cannot always achieve the goals they desire. |
|
|
Term
| According to expectancy-value models, one's motivation to pursue a particular course of action will depend on which two factors? |
|
Definition
1)Expectancy about one's chances of attanining the incentive
2)the value of the desire incentive |
|
|
Term
| Evolutionary (theory) assert that human motives and those of other species are... |
|
Definition
| products of evolution. They explain motives in terms of their adaptive value. |
|
|
Term
| The three motivation theories described in the text are? |
|
Definition
| 1. Drive 2. Incentive 3. Evolutionary |
|
|
Term
| Henry Murray created a list of |
|
Definition
| social motives exemplified in humans |
|
|
Term
| Stomach contractions often _______ hunger but they do not ______ it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since hunger can occur w/o a stomach, the nstomach contractions can't be the cause of hunger. This realization led to more elaborate theories of hunger that focus on 1.? 2.? 3.? |
|
Definition
1. the role of the brain
2. blood sugar level
3. hormones |
|
|
Term
| Scientists once thought that the ________ _________ & the __________ _____________ were the "on-off" switches for the control of hunger. |
|
Definition
| lateral hypothalamus and ventromedical nucleus of the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| Nowadays, scientists believe that the _________ ______ plays a larger role in the modulation of hunger. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Contemporary theories of hunger focus more on ________ ________ that pass through the hypothalamus rather than the _________ ________ of the brain. These circuits depend on a variety of neurotransmitters, with ___________ and ______ playing a large role. |
|
Definition
| Neural circuits... anatomical structures. Neuropeptide Y and serotonin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |
|
|
Term
| Jean Mayer proposed that hunger is regulated by |
|
Definition
| the rise and fall of blood glucose levels. |
|
|
Term
| Glucostatic Theory propersed that fluctuations in blood glucose level are monitored in the brain by _______. _______ are ... |
|
Definition
| Glucostats... neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid. |
|
|
Term
| Glucostatic theory ran into problems because... |
|
Definition
| levels of glucose levels in the blood really don't fluctuate all that much or all that fast - amongst others. |
|
|
Term
| The digestive system includes other mechanisms that influence hunger such as... |
|
Definition
| 1. Cells in the stomach can send signals to the brain that inhibit further eating - the vagus nerve carries info about the stretching of the stomach. Other nerves carry satiety messages that depend on how rich the nutrients are in the food |
|
|
Term
| Insulin is a ________ secreted by the _______ - it must be present for cells to |
|
Definition
| hormone... pancreas...to extract glucose from the blood. |
|
|
Term
| Judith Rosin demonstrated that the mere sight and smell of enticing food can stimulate the ________________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leptin is a _______ secreted by the ___________ it is released into the blood stream. |
|
Definition
| hormone... fat cells of the body.. |
|
|
Term
| Leptin provides the hypothalamus with information about the body's ____ ______. When leptin levels are high, the propensity to feel hungry ________. |
|
Definition
| fat stores... diminishes. |
|
|
Term
| Leptin apparently activates _________ in the brain that inhibit the release of _____________, which leads to activity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which _________ _______. |
|
Definition
| receptors... neuropeptide Y... inhibits eating. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition of being overweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body mass index - an individuals weight in kg divided by height in meters squared |
|
|
Term
| Humans have some innate taste preferences like |
|
Definition
| sweet tastes at birth and humans' preference for high-fat foods appears to be at least partly genetic in origin |
|
|
Term
| Taste preferences are partly a function of |
|
Definition
| learned associations formed through classical conditioning. |
|
|
Term
| Studies have shown that stress leads to |
|
Definition
| increased eating in a substantial number of people. |
|
|
Term
| Some theorists believe that it is stressed-induced _____________ ______ rather than ______ itself that stimulates eating. Others suspect that it is ________ _____ often evoked by stress that promote additional eating. |
|
Definition
| physiologicial arousal ... stress... negative emotions |
|
|
Term
| John Pinel and his colleagues theorize that the dramatic increase in obesity has to do with... |
|
Definition
| the fact that our ancestors lived within food scarce environments and when an abundance of food was available, they stocked up and stored it as fat in case of shortages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Genetic Predisposition - inherit a genetic vunerability to obesity
2. Excessive eating and insufficient exercise |
|
|
Term
| Set Point Theory proposes that |
|
Definition
| the body monitors fat-cell levels to keep the and weight fairly stable. i.e. when fat levels slip below the set point, the body will compensate by increasing hunger and decresing metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposes that weight tends to drift around the level at which the constellation of factors that determine food consumption and energy expenditure achieves equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who consciously work overtime to control their eating impulses and who feel guilty when they fail. However, when their cognitive control become disinhibited they eat to excess. |
|
|
Term
| _________ are the principle class of gonadal hormones in females. ________ are the principle gonadal hormones in males. The ___________ and ___________ regulate these hormones |
|
Definition
| Estrogens... androgens... hypothalamus ... pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Exposure to pornography may... |
|
Definition
1. cause one to develop more liberal attitudes about sexual practices.
2. create unrealistic expectations about sexual relations
3. desensitize males to the horror of sexual violence. |
|
|
Term
| Explain Robert Trivers's parental investment theory |
|
Definition
| the sex that makes the smaller investment will compete for mating opprotunities with the sex that makes the larger investment, and the sex with the larger investment will tend to be more discriminating in selecting its partners. |
|
|
