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Psychology: Memory
Psychology: Memory
73
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/02/2015

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Cards

Term
List the Three Basic Memory Processes
Definition
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Term
What are the Three Types of Encoding?
Definition
Auditory
Visual
Semantic
Term
Define Semantic
Definition
General Meaning
Term
What are the two types of Retrieval?
Definition
Recall
Recognition
Term
Define Episodic Memory
Definition
Remembering an event as it happened
Term
Define Semantic Memory
Definition
Remembering Generalized Knowledge
Term
Define Procedural Memory
Definition
Remembering how to do Things
Term
Define Explicit Memory
Definition
Specific memories you can recall
Term
Define Implicit Memory
Definition
Unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences
Term
Define
Levels of Processing Model of Memory
Definition
What we remember is based on how deeply encoded or processed the information is.
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating information over and over
Term
Elaborative rehearsal
Definition
Relate new information to things you already know
Term
Define
Transfer Appropriate Processing Model of Memory
Definition
What you remember is based on:
how you encode information should match how you'll retrieve it
Term
Define
Parallel Distributed Processing Models of Memory
Definition
You integrate existing knowlege and experiences with memory
Term
Define
Multiple Memory Systems
Definition
The Brain has several separate memory systems each with a different purpose
Term
Define
Information Processing Model of Memory
Definition
Three Stages of Mental Processing
-Sensory
-Short Term
-Long Term
Term
Define Sensory Memory
Definition
Briefly retains the information picked up by sensory organs
Term
Define Short-term Memory
Definition
Temporarily holds information in consciousness
Term
Define Long-term memory
Definition
Can retain information for long periods of time, often for life.
Term
Define Sensory Registers
Definition
Hold information for initial processing, it provides continuity about stimuli coming from the environment.
Term
How long do sensory registers hold information?
Definition
Less than one second
Term
Define Selective Attention
Definition
Focuses on information for transfer to working memory
Term
How long can short-term memory store information?
Definition
18 seconds
Term
Define Working Memory
Definition
Allows us to mentally work with the information being held in short term memory
Term
Average adult can hold ___ chunks of information in short term memory
Definition
5-9
Term
Chunking information makes it easier to ______ __
Definition
remember it
Term
What does the Brown Peterson Distractor technique test?
Definition
Immediate Memory Span
Term
What is the long term memory storage capacity?
Definition
Virtually unlimited
Term
Long Term memory is connected heavily to semantic encoding and can lead to _____ ______ _____
Definition
Mistakes About Specifics
Term
Define Primacy Effect
Definition
Words from the beginning are stored in short term memory
Term
Define Recency Effect
Definition
Words from the end are stored in short term memory
Term
Define
Retrieval Cues
Definition
Stimuli that act as hints or reminders of an experience
Term
Define
Encoding Specificity Principle
Definition
The more a retrieval cue taps into information originally encoded about the memory, the more likely it is to help you remember that memory.
Term
Define Context-Specific Memory
Definition
Environmental Cues Help or Hinder Recall
Term
Define
State-Dependent Memory
Definition
Memory that is dependent on one's internal state
Term
Define
Arousal States
Definition
If you learn something when calm, it may be harder to recall when anxious, on a test for example
Term
Define Mood Congruency Effects
Definition
Something you learned when you are happy, you may have a harder time remembering it when you are sad.
Term
Define
Semantic Network Theory
Definition
Everything we know is connected to each other through a network of associations, it is retrieved through spreading activation
Term
Define
Spreading Activation
Definition
Each connection activates linked concepts
Term
Semantic Network Theory explains retrieval of incomplete knowledge such as
Definition
The Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
and
Feeling of Knowing Experience
Term
Thickness of a Semantic Network line represents...
Definition
The strength of the connection
Term
The farther and weaker an association...
Definition
The longer it takes you to remember it
Term
We construct memory from ____ and _______
Definition
perceptions, schemas
Term
Neural Network models explain the role of schemas in _____ ______
Definition
constructive memory
Term
Constructive memory can produce _____ _____
Definition
spontaneous generalizations
Term
Constructed Memories can lead to ____ ____
Definition
significant errors
Term
Eyewitnesses can only remember what they..
Definition
perceive
Term
Define
Misinformation Effect
Definition
Reports in the media and the wording of questions can bias our memory
Term
A Jury's belief is influenced by...
Definition
witness presentation
Term
What was the first ever guide to eye-witness testimony?
Definition
Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide to Law Enforcement
Term
Who devised the learning method to test forgetting?
Definition
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Term
What were Hermann Ebbinghaus's Two Lasting Discoveries?
Definition
1.) Most Information is lost in the first few hours after learning
2.) Savings left in long term memory can last for decades.
Term
Define Decay Theory
Definition
If you don't use your memory you loose your memory, this is most relevant to short term memory.
Term
Define Interference Theory
Definition
occurs in learning when there is an interaction between the new material and transfer effects of past learned behavior, memories or thoughts that have a negative influence in comprehending the new material.
Term
Who found that memories are not stored in just one part of the brain?
Definition
Karl Lashley
Term
Who Developed Cell Assembly Theory?
Definition
Donald Hebb
Term
Who were the two early researchers of biological memory?
Definition
Karl Lashley and Donald Hebb
Term
Environmental stimulation promotes ____ ___ ____ ___ ___
Definition
The formation of new synapses
Term
Environmental Stimulation changes ____ ___ ___ ___
Definition
Responsiveness of existing synapses
Term
Damage to the hippocampus can result in...
Definition
Anterograde Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Term
Define Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused it
Term
Define Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
Loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned, before an injury or the onset of a disease.
Term
What can disrupt memory consolidation?
Definition
Traumatic brain injury
Term
Define Method of Loci
Definition
Associate images of information with places you know
Term
Define Acrostics
Definition
a poem or other form of writing in which the first letter, syllable or word of each line, paragraph or other recurring feature in the text spells out a word or a message
Term
One way to improve memory is to relate ____ ____ to ____ ____
Definition
new information, current knowledge
Term
You should give ____ ____ context with an ____
Definition
new information, context
Term
______ just passively read and reread the material
Definition
Don't
Term
Use _____ practice, not _____ practice.
Definition
distributed, massed
Term
Test ____ regularly
Definition
yourself
Term
What is the PQ4R method?
Definition
Preview
Question
Read
Reflect
Recite
Review
Term
When taking notes you need to...
Definition
Summarize major points and draw connections with other material
Term
Parts of the brain heavily involved with memory
Definition
Hippocampus, Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex
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