Term
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Definition
| A relatively permanent change in behavior and understanding due to experience |
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Term
| Define Non-Associative Learning |
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Definition
| Results from the influence of one particular stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Our response to unchanging stimuli decreases over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Leads to exaggerated responses to unexpected events |
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Term
| Who Discovered Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Ivan Pavlov a Russian Physiologist |
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Term
| How Did Pavlov Discover Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| While studying the digestive system of dogs |
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Term
| What is the first step of Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Natural stimulus causes a reflex |
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Term
| What is the second step of Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Natural Stimulus is Paired With a Neutral Stimulus |
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Term
| What is the third step of Classical Conditioning? |
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Definition
| Neutral Stimulus soon generates the reflex |
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Term
| What is a reflex caused by a natural stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Condition Stimulus? |
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Definition
| A Neutral Stimulus that now can generate a response |
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Term
| What is a natural stimulus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a Conditioned Response? |
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Definition
| A reflex caused by a Condition Stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired behavior fades overtime and becomes suppressed |
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Term
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Definition
| The Pairing of a natural and neutral stimulus after extinction, and is faster than conditioning. |
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Term
| What is Spontaneous Recovery? |
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Definition
| Extinguished behavior suddenly reappears under the right conditions |
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Term
| Stimuli resembling _____ stimulus also evoked the conditioned response |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli resembling condition stimulus also evoked the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| Not all stimuli resembling condition stimulus also evoke a conditioned response |
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Term
| What is the first factor that influences the learning of conditioned responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the second factor that influences the learning of conditioned responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Forward Conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioned Stimulus then Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Term
| Define Backward Conditioning |
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Definition
| Unconditioned Stimulus then Condition Stimulus |
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Term
| Define Simultaneous Conditioning |
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Definition
| Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus |
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Term
| What is the third factor that influences the learning of conditioned responses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the fourth factor that influences the learning of conditioned responses? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses |
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Term
| Define Higher-Order Conditioning |
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Definition
| a form of learning in which a stimulus is first made meaningful or consequential for an organism through an initial step of learning, and then that stimulus is used as a basis for learning about some new stimulus. |
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Term
| What May Play A Role in The Development of Phobias? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who started the field of psychology known as behaviorism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the name of John B. Watson's Controversial Phobia Study With Children? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Applications of Classical Conditioning |
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Definition
Overcoming Phobias
Instilling Phobias
Bomb Detection Using Insects
Predator Control |
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Term
| What is the Focus of Behaviorism? |
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Definition
| Directly analyzing observable behaviors |
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Term
| Name another big name in Behaviorism other than John Watson |
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Definition
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Term
| What Did Edward L. Thorndike Study? |
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Definition
| Animal's Intelligence and ability to solve problems |
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Term
| What Were Thorndike's Cats Learning? |
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Definition
Instrumental Conditioning
Law of Effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Rewards Strengthen Responses |
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Term
| What is Instrumental Conditioning Governed By? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who extended and formalized many of Thorndike's Ideas? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A behavior that has some effect on the world |
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Term
| What did Thorndike Create For His Experiments? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Positive Reinforcer |
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Definition
| Pleasant, strengthen a response if they are experienced after the response occurs. |
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Term
| Define Negative Reinforcer |
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Definition
| Discomfort, strenghten a response if the response removes the discomfort. |
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Term
| Any organism's basic motivations |
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Definition
Maximize Pleasure
Minimize Pain |
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Term
| Define Operant Conditioning |
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Definition
| a learning process in which behavior is sensitive to, or controlled by its consequences. |
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Term
| Define Shaping Operant Behavior |
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Definition
| Successive approximations of the target behavior |
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Term
| What are examples of primary reinforcers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Examples of Secondary reinforcers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Primary Reinforcers |
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Definition
| Things That Are Innately Important |
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Term
| Define Secondary Reinforcers |
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Definition
| Conditioned Reinforcers that aren't innately rewarding |
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Term
| When it comes to reinforcement timing... |
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Definition
| Reinforcement is strongest when soon following a response |
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Term
| When it comes to reinforcement size... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two types of Reinforcement Schedules? |
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Definition
Continuous
Partial (Intermittent) |
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Term
| Define Continuous Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Rewarding a specific behavior every time it is performed correctly |
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Term
| What are the benefits of continuous reinforcement? |
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Definition
Very Fast Learning
Very Fast Extinction |
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Term
| Define Fixed Ratio Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforce fixed number of correct responses |
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Term
| Define Fixed Interval Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
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Term
| Define Variable Ratio Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforce after a given number of responses but the number varies |
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Term
| Define Variable Interval Partial Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Reinforce the 1st response after some period of time but the amount of time varies |
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Term
| Fixed and Variable Ratio schedules produce high rates of behavior because... |
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Definition
| It is predictable and that reward is relative to the behavior |
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Term
| Partial reinforcement effect makes behaviors.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of punishment? |
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Definition
| Maximizing Pain and Minimizing Pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| It reduces the frequency of an operant behavior |
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Term
| What is the first drawback to punishment? |
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Definition
| It does not erase the undesirable habit |
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Term
| What is the second drawback to punishment? |
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Definition
| Can often produce unwanted side effects |
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Term
| What is the third drawback to punishment? |
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Definition
| Is ineffective unless punishment is given after the negative action |
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Term
| What is the fourth drawback to punishment? |
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Definition
| Indicates wrong behavior but does not indicate the right behavior |
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Term
| What is the first factor learning is affected by? |
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Definition
| The nature of stimuli we experience |
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Term
| What is the second factor learning is affected by? |
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Definition
| Our expectations about the stimuli |
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Term
| What is the third factor learning is affected by? |
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Definition
| The meaning we attach to events |
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Term
| Define Learned Helplessness |
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Definition
| Giving up any effort to control the environment,based on experience that no control is possible. |
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Term
| Learned Helplessness was first observed in animals by.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Define: Experiences in which no control is possible |
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Definition
| Operant Behaviors do not affect outcomes |
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Term
| Who posited Latent Learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Edward Tolman think of Latent Learning? |
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Definition
| He completed studies with rats running through a compact maze. |
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Term
| Edward Tolman's rat group A |
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Definition
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Term
| Edward Tolman's rat group B |
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Definition
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Term
| Edward Tolman's rat group C |
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Definition
| Was Reinforced only after day 11 |
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Term
| What was the first Conclusion of Edward Tolman's Three Rat Group Study? |
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Definition
| Group C rats could not learn the maze in 1 day |
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Term
| What was the second Conclusion of Edward Tolman's Three Rat Group Study? |
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Definition
| The rats in Group C formed a cognitive map of the maze |
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Term
| Who discovered Insight Learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Wolfgang Kohler discover Insight Learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Wolfgang Observe in the Chimps? |
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Definition
After solving a problem they would use that solution for a similar problem
Chimps rarely use a solution that didn't work.
Animals often reached a solution suddenly |
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Term
| Define Observational Learning |
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Definition
| Learning by watching others |
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Term
| What is another name for Observational Learning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Observational Learning relies on.. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ are more impacted by observational learning. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ completed the Bobo Doll experiment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children were more likely to model adults who were _____ for violent behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Children were less likely to model adults who were _____ for violent behavior. |
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Definition
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