Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Psychology (Exam Set)
Exam 2
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/31/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Learned through association; Ex. Pavlov's Dogs; Ex2. Garcia & Kosling Study: exposed rats to 3-way conditioned stimulus, etc -- came up with the principle that the US must come shortly after the CS.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Punishment/reward based; Ex. Skinner Box; Ex2. Edward Thorndike: created puzzle box for cats.
Term
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement presented at fixed rate schedules.;
Term
Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Reinforcement on average time that has expired since last reinforcement.
Term
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.
Term
Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
Random reinforcement; yield higher response rates; most resistant to extinction.
Term
Shaping
Definition
Learning in small small steps rather than all at once; used to condition complex behaviors.
Term
Insight Learning
Definition
Sudden realization of the relationship between elements in an equation.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Tolman -- learning can take place without reinforcement; differentiated between learning and performing; not demonstrated when motivated to do so.

COGNITIVE MAP: mental representation of a spacial environment.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Albert Bandura -- learning by observing behavior; bobo doll experiment.
Term
Implicit Learning
Definition
Learning that takes place without awareness. Example: Serial Reaction Time Task.
Term
Adaptation
Definition
Prism Adaptation; puts prism glasses on, shifts sight to the left, brain adapts, but when taken off brain must adapt again.
Term
3 Functions of Memory
Definition
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.
Term
Herman Ebbinghaus
Definition
Memorized nonsense syllables; Spacing Effect: distributed practice yields better long term retention.
Levels of Processing: visual, acoustic, and semantic.
Term
Three Major Levels of Storage
Definition
Sensory: holds for a few seconds; from senses; hepatic < 1 second.
Short term: holds for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute; capacity: 7 minutes.
Long term: no known capacity.
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
With conscious recall; SEMANTIC: facts and general knowledge, EPISODIC: personally experienced events.
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
Unconscious recall; PROCEDURAL: motor and cognitive skills, PRIMING: enhanced education, identification of objects and words.
Term
H.M. Experiment
Definition
The hippocampus is very important for encoding information and getting it into the long-term memory; also important in procedural memory.
Term
Long Term Potentiation
Definition
Increase in the efficiency of neural transmission at the synapse.
Term
"Neurons that fire together, wire together."
Definition
Hebb
Term
Levels of Retrieval
Definition
Recall: person must produce information by searching memory; fill in the blank.
Recognition: can recognize information as familiar; multiple choice.
Term
Serial Positioning Effect
Definition
For information learned in a sequence, recall is better for beginning (primary effect) than for those in the middle. Recency effect: end items.
Term
Godden & Baddeley Study
Definition
Had people learn underwater and on land.
Term
Reasons for Forgetting
Definition
Encoding Failure
Storage Delay
Retrieval Failure
Term
Interference in Retrieving Information
Definition
Proactive: info learning earlier impairs memory for information acquired later.
Retroactive: info learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
Term
Memory Misattribution
Definition
Assigning a recollection or idea to the wrong source.
Term
Suggestibility
Definition
The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.
Term
Emotional Memories
Definition
Amygdala; PTSD.
Term
Prenatal Stage of Development
Definition
Germinal Stage: first two weeks following conception
Embryonic Stage: 2nd to 8th week.
Fetal Stage: from 9th week to birth.
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
Infant Monkeys and attachment.
Term
Lev Vygotsky
Definition
Believed that children developed through interactions with others.
Joint Attention: the ability to focus on what another person is focused on.
Social Referencing: the ability to use another person's reactions as information about the world.
Term
Lawrence Kohlberg
Definition
Preconventional: consequences
Conventional: rules
Postconventional: opinions
Term
Freud's Consciousness Levels
Definition
Id (unconscious mind); libido
Ego (conscious mind)
Superego (in between); conscious
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Repression, Regression, Reaction Formation, Projection, Rationalization, and Displacement.
Term
Rogers
Definition
Asked people to describe who they would like to be and who they were, etc.
Term
Allport & Odbert
Definition
Identified over/almost 18,000 words representing traits; try to limit it down.
Term
Personality Tests
Definition
TFT; Eysenk; unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted.
Big Five: Consciousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion.
MMRI: most widely researched and clinically used; originally developed to identify emotional disorders.
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
Personality is the result of the interaction between a person and their environment; behaviors emerge from an interplay of external and internal influences.
Term
Personal Control
Definition
External Locus: chance or outside forces determine fate
Internal Locus: we determine our fate
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
When unable to avoid repeated adverse events an animal or human learns helplessness.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!