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| the scientific study of links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes. (Some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, etc. |
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| nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system. |
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| the neuron's bushy extension that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body. |
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| the neuron's extension that passes messages through its branching terminal fibers that form junctions with other neurons, muscles, or glands. |
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| a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. |
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| a level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. |
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| (SIN-aps) junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft. |
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| chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitter travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. |
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| "morphine within" natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. |
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| Nero-T: Acetylcholine (ACh) |
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| enables muscle action, learning, and memory. |
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| influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. |
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| affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. |
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| the body's speedy, electochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system. |
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| CNS Central nervous system? |
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| the brain and spinal cord. Body's decision maker. |
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| Peripheral nervous system PNS |
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| the sensory and motor neutrons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
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| bundled axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands and sense organs. |
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| neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and the spinal cord. |
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| neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. |
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| neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs. |
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| the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. also called the skeletal nervous system. |
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| Autonomic nervous system? |
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| the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) it's sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. |
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| Sympathetic nervous system? |
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| the division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. |
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| parasympathetic nervous system? |
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| the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. |
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| a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as a knee jerk response. |
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| the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues. |
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| a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (einephrine and norepinphrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress. |
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| the endocrine system's most influential gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. |
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| tissue destruction. a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. |
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| the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brain=-stem is responsible for the automatic survival functions. |
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| Electro-ence-phalogram EEG |
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| an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. |
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| PET (positron emission tomography) scan? |
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| a visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. |
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| MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan |
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| a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. |
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| a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. |
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| the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing. |
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| the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brain-stem, it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla. |
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| a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal. |
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| the little brain at the rear of the brain-stem; functions includes some nonverbal learning, processing sensory input, and coordinating movement output and balance. |
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| neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothlamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. |
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| two limabean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion. |
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| a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp.), and helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked dot emotion and reward. |
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| the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center. |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements in making plans and judgments. |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex lying on the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position. |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; areas that receive information from visual fields. |
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| portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; receives information from the opposite ear. |
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| area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. |
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| area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movements sensations. |
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| areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, speaking, remembering. thinking, and interesting information. |
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| impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impaired hearing) or Wernicke area (impaired understanding) |
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| controls language expression; an area of the frontal lobe, in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. |
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| controls language reception; a brain area, left temporal lobe location, involved in language comprehension and reception. |
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| the brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience. |
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| the formation of new neurons |
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| the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. |
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| a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. |
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