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Psychology- Chapter Eight
stuff from chapter eight
38
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/05/2012

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Term
memory?
Definition
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Term
encoding?
Definition
the processing of information into the memory system, for example, by extracting meaning.
Term
storage?
Definition
the retention of encoded information over time.
Term
retrieval?
Definition
the process of getting information out of memory storage.
Term
sensory memory?
Definition
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Term
short-term memory?
Definition
activated memory that holds a few times briefly, such as the 7 digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
Term
long term memory?
Definition
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Term
working memory?
Definition
a newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Term
automatic processing?
Definition
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned, such as word meanings.
Term
effortful processing?
Definition
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Term
rehearsal?
Definition
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
Term
spacing effect?
Definition
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term than is achieved through massed study or practice.
Term
imagery?
Definition
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with encoding.
Term
mnemonics?
Definition
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organized devices.
Term
chunking?
Definition
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
Term
iconic memory?
Definition
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
Term
echoic memory?
Definition
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.
Term
long-term potentiation (LTP)?
Definition
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
Term
flashbulb memory?
Definition
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
Term
amnesia?
Definition
the loss of memory.
Term
Study memory subsystems....p. 270
Definition
Term
recall?
Definition
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Term
recognition?
Definition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously leaned, as on a multiple-choice test.
Term
relearning?
Definition
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.
Term
study example of "priming" on p. 274.
Definition
Term
priming?
Definition
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory.
Term
deja vu?
Definition
that earie sense that i have experienced this before. Cues form the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experaince.
Term
mood-congruent memory?
Definition
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
Term
proactive interference?
Definition
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
Term
retroactive interference?
Definition
the disruptive affect of new learning on the recall of old information.
Term
repression?
Definition
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes form consciousness anxiety-arousing thought feelings and memories.
Term
misinformation effect?
Definition
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Term
misinformation effect?
Definition
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Term
source amnesia?
Definition
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (also called source misattribution) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
Term
serial position effect?
Definition
our tendency to best recall the last an d first items in a list.
Term
implicit memory?
Definition
retention independent of conscious recollection. (also called non-declarative memory.)
Term
explicit memory?
Definition
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. (also called declarative memory.)
Term
hippocampus?
Definition
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.
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