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Psychology
13-Theories of personality
70
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2012

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Term
personality
Definition
the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave
Term
character
Definition
value judgments of a persons moral and ethical behavior
Term
temperament
Definition
enduring characteristics with which each person is born
Term
unconscious mind
Definition
level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness
Term
id
Definition
part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious
Term
pleasure principle
Definition
principle by which the id functions, the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences
Term
ego
Definition
part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical
Term
reality principle
Definition
principle by which the ego functions, the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will no result
Term
superego
Definition
part o the personality that acts as a moral center
Term
conscience
Definition
part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is
Term
psychological defense mechanisms
Definition
unconscious distortions of a persons perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety
Term
denial
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation
Term
repression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind
Term
rationalization
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Term
projection
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someones else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings
Term
reaction formation
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others
Term
displacement
Definition
redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one
Term
regression
Definition
psychological defense mechanism in which a persons falls back on child like patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations
Term
identification
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety
Term
compensation (substitution)
Definition
defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area
Term
sublimation
Definition
channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior
Term
fixation
Definition
disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage
Term
psychosexual stages
Definition
five stages of personality development proposed by freud and tied to the sexual development of the child
Term
oral stage
Definition
first stage occurring in the first year to far and half of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict
Term
anal stage
Definition
second stage occurring from about 1 0r 1.5 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet truing is the source of conflict
Term
phallic stage
Definition
third stage from three to six in which child discovers sexual feelings
Term
Oedipus complex/ Electra complex
Definition
situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. Males develop an oedipus complex where females electra complex
Term
latency
Definition
fourth stage occurring during the school years in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways
Term
psychoanalysis
Definition
Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it
Term
neo-freudians
Definition
followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories
Term
personal unconscious
Definition
Jung's name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
Term
collective unconscious
Definition
Jungs name for the memories shared by all members of the human species
Term
archtypes
Definition
Jungs collective, universal human memories
Term
basic anxiety
Definition
anxiety created when a child born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
Term
neurotic personalities
Definition
personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory
Term
habits
Definition
in behaviorism, seats of well-learned responses that have become automatic
Term
social cognitive learning theorists
Definition
theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other peoples behavior and of a persons own expectancies of learning
Term
social cognitive view
Definition
learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models
Term
reciprocal determinism
Definition
Bandura's explanation of how factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior
Term
self-efficacy
Definition
individuals expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance
Term
locus of control
Definition
tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives
Term
expectancy
Definition
a persons subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence
Term
humanistic perspective
Definition
the third force in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice
Term
self-actualizing tendency
Definition
the striving to fulfill ones innate capacities and capabilities
Term
self-concept
Definition
image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in ones life
Term
self
Definition
individuals awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning
Term
real self
Definition
ones perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities
Term
ideal self
Definition
ones perception of whom on should be or would like to be
Term
positive regard
Definition
warmth, affection, love and respect that come from significant others in ones life
Term
unconditional positive regard
Definition
positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached
Term
conditional positive regard
Definition
positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish
Term
fully functioning person
Definition
person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings
Term
trait theories
Definition
theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior
Term
trait
Definition
a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Term
surface traits
Definition
aspics of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of person
Term
source traits
Definition
more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality
Term
introversion
Definition
dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation
Term
OCEAN
five-factor model (Big Five)
Definition
model of personality that describes five basic trait dimensions
Term
openness
Definition
one of the five factors, willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Term
conscientiousness (c)
Definition
the care a person give to organization and thoughtfulness of others, dependability. One of the five factors
Term
extraversion (e)
Definition
dimension of personality referring to ones ned to be with other people. One of the five factors
Term
extraverts
Definition
people who are outgoing and sociable
Term
introverts
Definition
people who prefer to solitude and dislike being the center of attention
Term
agreeableness
Definition
emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant
Term
neuroticism
Definition
degree of emotional instability or stability
Term
trait-situation interaction
Definition
assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed
Term
behavioral genetics
Definition
field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics
Term
interview
Definition
method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and
Term
halo effect
Definition
tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the clients behavior and statements
Term
projection
Definition
defense mechanism involving placing or projecting ones own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself
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