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Psychology
test 4
134
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/05/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ego
Definition

source of rationality

mostly conscious

Term
reality principle
Definition
postpone gratification until it is safe
Term
Id
Definition

unconcious source of sexual and aggressive energies

original and unchanging

Term

pleasure principle

 

Definition

goal is reduction of drive tenson

immediate gratification

Term
Three types of anxiety 
Definition

realistic anxiety (fear)

neurotic anxiety (anxiety)

moral anxiety (guilt)

Term
realistic anxiety (fear)
Definition
threat from the outside world
Term
Neurotic anxiety (anxiety)
Definition
threat from one's own desires/drives
Term
Moral Anxiety (guilt)
Definition
threat from one's own conscience
Term
repression
Definition
motivated forgetting of memories or desires
Term
denial
Definition
motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences
Term
projection
Definition
attribution of our negative characteristics to others
Term
Reaction-Formation
Definition
acting the opposite of our desires
Term
rationalization
Definition
providing a reasonable sounding explanation for behavior motivated by unacceptable desires
Term
Displacement
Definition
directing a desire from an unacceptable target into a safer one
Term
Sublimation
Definition
transforming an unacceptable desire into an admired goal
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
unconsious maneuvers by the ego to minimize anxiety
Term
psychosexual development
Definition
ego develops through shifting "erotogenic zones" to achieve adult sexuality
Term
fixation
Definition
psychosexual development can be arrested if there is too much or too little gratification in any of the stages
Term
Oral Stage (12-18mos)
Definition
infants obtain pleasure by sucking and biting things
Term
erogenous zone
Definition
an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity
Term
Anal Stage (18 mos-3 years)
Definition
toilet training and anal erotic gratification
Term

Phallic stage (3-6 years)

Oedipus complex

Definition
template for who we will love and how we will experience competition and jealousy
Term
latency stage (6-12 years)
Definition
sexual impulses submerged into the unconscious
Term
genital stage (12 years - adulthood)
Definition

sexual impulses reawaken

goal is heterosexual (reproductive) sexuality

childhood sexuality shapes objects of desire

Term

 

colective unconscious

Definition
inherited shared tendency of all humans to organize and represent experiences in the same ways
Term
Jungian Archetypes
Definition
cross-culturally universal emotional symbols
Term

Jungian Archetype

 

Self

 

 

Definition

representations of the wholeness (concentric circles)

 

we see the circles from all differend circles, captures something from inside of people that make them whole

Term

Jungian Archetype

 

Shadow

Definition

qualities that the ego does not identify with but possesses non the less

 

a part of yourself that conflicts with who you want to be

 

little anikin and darth vader shadow

Term

Jungian Archetype

 

Persona

Definition

Mask presented to the world to protect the ego from negative images

 

a mask is a symbolic representation that says we cover up who we are and how we feel to protect ourselves

Term

Jungian Archetype

 

anima and animus

Definition

unconscious feminine qualities in a man's psyche or unconsious masculine qualities in a woman's psyche

 

to be human men have to accept the feminine side of ourselves and vice versa

Term

Jungian Archetype

 

Yin Yang

Definition

good show of some of Jung's Ideas

 

integration of all aspects of the self to become a unique individual

 

inside white there is black vice versa

Term
Karen Horney
Definition

said freud was wrong about drive

 

she said drive is the need to feel loved, wanted, and safe

 

part of us have need for others where part of us has hostility for others

Term
Basic Evil
Definition
absent or inconsistent warmth, affection, guidance, protection
Term
basic hostility 
Definition
anger at others for failure to provide security
Term

Basic Anxiety

 

Definition

lonely and helpless in a hostile world

 

can't express anger felt with people you are upset with because you are dependent on them

Term

Character Styles and Neurotic Trends (Needs)

 

Moving-Toward (self-effacing)

Definition

erase yourself, what you need and want isn't important and you only care about other people's well-being

 

 

Term

Character Styles and Neurotic Trends (Needs)

 

Moving-Against (expansive)

Definition

trying to gain so much power and prestige that you will be admired and loved by others because of all the power you have

 

he/she is trying to get others to submit to him/her

Term

Character Styles and Neurotic Trends (Needs)

 

Moving-Away (resignation)

Definition
saying that youdon't need people at all, they "don't need anything from anybody" they are "fine by themselves"
Term

Relational Psychoanalysis (object relations)

 

Definition
personality emerges out of the matrix of early formative realtionshoipswith parents and others
Term
freud's Love objects
Definition
people we love and who we want to love us 
Term
relational psychoanalysis (examples)
Definition

children that feel abandoned with their parents will potentially abandon other people later in life to get "revenge" although its completely unconscious

 

Repeaded behavior that isn't very smart, a guy/girl that keeps going back to the same kind of guy/girl that isn't good for them

Term
Self Psychology
Definition

healthy narcissism and self esteem

 

Something we all have and need, we need to be able to see ourselves as worth-while and loveable.

Term

Validity of Psychoanalytic Theory

 

 

Definition
psychoanalysis is not really revered in psychology because they say psychoanalysts don't need to study and make tests and reasearch psychoanalytic ideas
Term
Drives
Definition

wishes and fears

 

no evidence of an aggressive drive as freud though

 

there is a definite seual drive but psychologists think that frued took it too far

Term
unconcious motivation
Definition

projective vs. self-report assessment techniques

 

projective techniques could be to show somebody aa picture and tell people what they see

Term
Implicit vs. explicit aspects of child-rearing
Definition

if you take a self report test and your parents always taught you to achieve then your test will be similar

 

if you take a self report test where you have to tell a story you will show how your parents treated you, not what your parents actually told you to do.

Term

Defense mechanisms

 

repressed memories

Definition

people who have been abused as children

 

Term

Defence mechanisms

 

self-enhancement and healthy narcissism

Definition
the idea of us being above average is a defense mechanism, promoting our own self esteem
Term
person-centered theory
Definition

car rogers- one of two founders of humanistic psychology. Humans have a tendency for self-growth

 

people strive to actualize their potentials and grow in positive directions.

Term
Conditions of worth
Definition

messages from other about how we must act and think in order to be worth while

 

when internalized and ideal self forms that is in tension with our real self

Term
Inconcgruence
Definition
disharmony between my experiences and my self-concept is experienced as anxiety or distress
Term
Fully Functioning person
Definition

openness to experience

trust in self

creativity

appreciation of deep intimate relationships

Term
Social Pscyhology
Definition
The study of how people influecnce others' behavior, beliefs and attitudes
Term
dispositionism
Definition

behavior and attitudes are caused by internal factors

 

genes, personality traits, motivations

Term
Situationism
Definition

behavior and attitudes are caused by the environment(situation) we find ourselve in especially the social environment

 

Social norms

Term
Fundamental Attribution error
Definition
Tendency to attribut others behavior to internal causes, and ours to external causes
Term
conformity
Definition
tendency to change behavior or beliefs because of group pressure
Term
factors that influence the level of conformity
Definition

ambiguous situations

public responding

unanimity

size of the majority

competence of group members

Term
Milgram's electric shock studies
Definition

increasing voltage to person messing up

 

if the teacher resisted the experimenter insisted

 

65% of people went all the way up in the shock

Term
factors affecting obedience
Definition

psychological distance (anonymity)

status of the authority

direct vs. indirect observation

dispositional factors do not seem influential 

Term
Bystander effect
Definition
people not helping others in peril
Term
De individuation
Definition

tendency of people to engage in atypical behavior when stripped of their usual identities

 

can also lead people to behave helpfully when others in the group are doing so

Term
Situational influences on helping others
Definition

we're alone

we can't easily avoid or escape the situation

victim is sympathetic

victim looks nice

Term
social facilitation
Definition

performance on tasks is affected by the presence of others

arousal causes this effect

Term
Socail loafing
Definition
the tendency of individuals to slack off from work when in groups
Term

Interpersonal Attraction

 

Proximity

Definition

relationship formation

 

repeated exposure increases attractiveness

(near exposure effect)

Term

Interpersonal Attraction

 

Similarity

Definition

Those perceived as like us

 

those who share our views of ourselves

Term

Interpersonal Attraction

 
Reciprocity 
Definition

equity of giving and receiving

 

self-disclosure

Term

Interpersonal Attraction

 
Physical attractiveness
Definition

Halo-Effect

 

More important to men than women

 

body shapes 

 

female waist to hip ratio is .70, ideal across cultures

Term

Facial attractiveness

 

Cute response (lorenz)

Definition
large eyes, small round nose, big round ears, large head
Term

Facial Attractiveness

 

Averageness

Definition

averageness is best

 

the more average the more "attractive"

 

absence of genetic mutations or abnormalities

 

Term
Attitudes
Definition
Stable evaluative response toward a person, thing event, or issure
Term
Moral Hyporisy studies (daniel Bateson)
Definition

shows that expressed attitudes don't always predict behavior

 

very often a large gap with an attitude people express and how they act

Term
Cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
conflict between behavior and self-image
Term
Self-Perception theory
Definition
Self-observatoin of behavior results in attitude change
Term
Dual Attitudes
Definition

Contradictory explicit and implicit attitudes toward the same object

 

we may act according to our impicit attitude rather than our explicit attitude

Term
Prejudice
Definition
A negative attitude (judgment) toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group
Term
discrimination
Definition
negative behavior toward an individual as a result of his or her group membership
Term
Stereotype
Definition

Cognitive category into which all members of a group are placed

 

schema that allows fast social judgement

Term

Implicit vs explicit prejudice

 

dual attitudes

Definition

explicitly nonprejudiced

implicitly prejudiced

Term
Implicit Association test
Definition
subjects more readily associate positive personality traits with lighter skin and european features
Term
Aversive Prejudice
Definition

implicit prejudice makes people with egalitarian explicit attitudes uneasy

 

 

efforts to minimize discomfort

 

avoid stereotyped groups

act too friendly

results in conflicting perceptions of interactions

Term
Stress
Definition
Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to compe effectively
Term
Stressors
Definition
a stimulus that provokes a stressful response and tranaction
Term
Social Readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
Definition

43 life events ranked as stressors

 

number of stressful eventrs experienced over the previous year is associated with physical illness

 

 

Term
stressful events
Definition

events that most people find threatening or challenging and unpredicatble

 

sense of control reduces stress

Term
stress as a response
Definition
psychological an dphysical reactions to stressful circumstances
Term
physiological reactions to stress
Definition

glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol) released

 

Term

Hans Selye (1956)

 

General adaptation syndrome

Definition

all prolonged stressors take us through 3 stages of adaptation

 

alarm 

resistance

exhaustion

Term

GAS

 

Alarm

Definition

HPA Axis

hypothalamus stimulates pituiary

pituitary releases adrenaline

adrenaline signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Term
resistance
Definition

adaptation to and coping with stressor

 

reduction in autonomic arousal

continued release of cortisol

Term
exhaustion
Definition

breakdown in coping capacity

 

energy stores depleted

rise in blood pressure, immune suppression, weakened muscles, hypothalamus damage

 

Mouse drowning

Term
psychoneuroimmunology
Definition

the study of the relationship between the immune system and the central nervous system

 

people can get colds from being stressed, and wounds heal slower if you are stressed

Term
Type A Personality
Definition
impatience, competitiveness, hostility in ersponse to challenging situations
Term
Type B Personality
Definition
relaxed unstressed approach to life
Term
Lazarus said
Definition
stress is a product of the interaction between person and event
Term

Evaluation of an event

 

Primary appraisal

Definition
is the event potentially or actually harmful/
Term

evaluation of an event

 

secondary appraisal

Definition
what resources do I have to cope with
Term
Problem-focused coping
Definition
trying to improve the situation by eliminating or modyfying the stressor
Term
emotion-focused coping
Definition
trying to manage and reduce painful emotions
Term
Tend and Befriend model
Definition
women are predisposed to respond to stress by nurturing and protecting offspring and seeking social support
Term

Influences on Stress Response

 

Hardiness

Definition
people who view change as a challenge rather than a threat, are commited to their life and work, and believe that they can control events that are more resistan to stress
Term

Influences on Stress Response

 

Optimisim

Definition
Lower mortality, greater immune response, better surgical outcomes
Term

Influences on Stress Response

 

Self-enhancement

Definition
people who are self centered and who think highly of themselves bear up well under stress
Term

Influences on Stress Response

 

Spirituality and religion

Definition
lower mortality, improved immune funcion, lower blood pressure, superior recovery from illness
Term

Influences on Stress Response

 

Rumination

Definition
Focusing on how bad we feel and endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems associated with risk of depression
Term
Psychological disorders
Definition

patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving

 

involve interaction of biological, cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral factors

Term
What is considered a disorder change?
Definition

oracles and prophets

 

Homosexuality, masurbation

 

Female Ambition

Term
Culture-specific disorders
Definition

Bulimia nervosa (america/europe)

 

triggered by socioo cultural expectations

Term
universal disorders
Definition
anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia, alcoholism
Term
advantages of diagnosing psychological disorders
Definition

enables problem identification and prescription of treatments

 

enables professionals to communicate with each other

 

may reduce self-blame in those with disorders

Term
disadvantages
Definition

blurs individual differences

once labeled, people only see that label

 

 

Term

Diagnostic and statiscal manual of mental disordsers

 

DSM - IV

Definition
diagnostic system containing the american psychiatric association (APA) criteria for mental disorders
Term
Anxiety 
Definition

feeling

thoughts 

physical sensations

Term
traumatic stress
Definition

situation or event that threatens one's physical safety, arousing feelings of intense fear, horror, or helplessness

 

war, sudden violent calamities, assult, death of a loved one

Term
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Definition

Responses lasting >1 month after the event

 

reexperiencing intrusive memories, dreams, reliving

 

persistent arousal- difficulty sleeping, startling easily hypervigilance anger and difficulty concentrating

Term

Anxiety Disorders

 

Panic Disorder

 

Definition

repeated and unexpected panic attacks

 

rapid escalation of feelings of anxiety into terror

 

bad thoughts and distorted consciousness

Term
agoraphobia
Definition
fear of being in a place or situaion from which escape is difficult or embarrassing or help is unavailable
Term
OCD
Definition
repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both
Term
obsessions
Definition

persistent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress

 

recognized as unrealistic, excessive

 

person attempts to neutralize or suppress them

Term
compulsions
Definition

repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions, to reduce or prevent anxiety

 

unrealistic (checking, counting, mental rituals)

Term
generalized anxiety disorder
Definition

excessive worry, anxiety for 6+ months 60% of day vs 18%

 

physical, cognitive, emotional symptoms

restlessness, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

irritability

troubel concentrating

 

Term

Learning theory factors

 

Definition

classical conditioning (little Albert)

operant conditioning (reinforcement/punishment)

social/observational learning

Term
catastrophizing
Definition
anticipating terrible events despite low probability
Term
anxiety sensitivity (fear of fear)
Definition
misinterpretation of minor physical symptos as dangerous
Term
causal personality factors in anxiety disorders
Definition

neuroticism

 

GAD associated with trait negative emotion

Term

Causal factors

 

Biological factors

Definition

OCD occurs in similar raes across cultures

 

twin and family studies suggest heritability

Term
Major Depressive disorder
Definition
sad/low mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
disturbances in thinking, language, emotion, and relationships lasting at least 6 months
Term
Delusions
Definition
strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality
Term
hallucinations
Definition

sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

 

mostly auditory, but can also be gustatory, tactile, or visual

Term
catatnoia
Definition
resistance to comply with simple suggestions, holding the body in rigid postures, curling up in the fetal position
Term
What causes schizophrenia
Definition
biological vulnerability and stressors that trigger this vulnerability
Term
neuromaturational processes from schizo
Definition

low levels of neural activity in the frontal lobes

 

defects in neural circuitry of cerebral cortex and limbic system

 

slower communication between left and right hemispheres

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