1. Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in memory research.  Using himself as the subject, he found that the longer he studied a list of non-sense syllables, the (fewer/greater) the number of repetitions needed to relearn it later.  Related to this, after information has been learned, additional repetition, ( _______-learning) tends to enhance retention.

1. Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in memory research.  Using himself as the subject, he found that the longer he studied a list of non-sense syllables, the (fewer/greater) the number of repetitions needed to relearn it later.  Related to this, after information has been learned, additional repetition, ( over-learning) tends to enhance retention.

1. Encoding the meaning of words is called _____________ encoding; encoding the sound of something is called _____________ encoding; encoding the image of words is ______________ encoding.   Which of these three types of encoding is best at helping you to transfer information into long-term memory? __________

1. Encoding the meaning of words is called semantic encoding; encoding the sound of something is called acoustic encoding; encoding the image of words is visual encoding.   Which of these three types of encoding is best at helping you to transfer information into long-term memory? Semantic!

Techniques that are used to enhance memory (e.g., method of loci, acronyms) are called ___________ devices.

One way to increase the amount of information we can remember is to group it into larger, familiar units. This is called _______________.

One way to increase the amount of information we can remember is to group it into larger, familiar units. This is called chunking.

Distributing your studying over time results in better retention than “cramming.” This is called the spacing effect.  (or “distributed practice”)

In contrast to short-term memory, the capacity of long-term memory is essentially _____________.

Memories are precise and accurate recordings of events that occur in our lives.  T or F

False

20. According to the encoding _______ principle, retention of information is best when learning and testing occur in (the same/different) environments. This is referred to as _____________-dependent memory cues.  Likewise, retention is improved when our internal state is (the same /different) from learning to testing. This is called ___________-dependent  memory.  David Myers uses the term “priming” when referring to these principles of memory.

20. According to the encoding specificity principle, retention of information is best when learning and testing occur in (the same/different) environments. This is referred to as context-dependent memory cues.  Likewise, retention is improved when our internal state is (the same/different) from learning to testing. This is called state-dependent  memory.  David Myers uses the term “priming” when referring to these principles of memory.

When our ability to learn new information is disrupted by our memory of previous information we have learned, we are suffering from _______-active interference.  An example of this would be when a person has difficulty learning French after having completed four years of Spanish.  When our ability to recall previously-learned information is disrupted by having learned new information, we are suffering from _____-active interference.  An example of this would be when an individual has a difficult time remembering his/her old high school locker combination after being assigned a new one.

When our ability to learn new information is disrupted by our memory of previous information we have learned, we are suffering from pro-active interference.  An example of this would be when a person has difficulty learning French after having completed four years of Spanish.  When our ability to recall previously-learned information is disrupted by having learned new information, we are suffering from retro-active interference.  An example of this would be when an individual has a difficult time remembering his/her old high school locker combination after being assigned a new one.

Psychologists have reached universal agreement regarding what constitutes “intelligence.” T or F

The psychometric approach to understanding intelligence involves using a statistical procedure known as _________ ___________ to identify clusters of items that seem to measure a common ability.

The psychometric approach to understanding intelligence involves using a statistical procedure known as factor analysis to identify clusters of items that seem to measure a common ability.

Under the leadership of Henry Goddard, when immigrants first arrived on Ellis Island in the early 1900’s, they were given an intelligence test in order to screen out any “morons” who hoped to enter the United States.  Many immigrants were erroneously labeled as morons due to the fact that they were unfamiliar with the __________ ___________.

Under the leadership of Henry Goddard, when immigrants first arrived on Ellis Island in the early 1900’s, they were given an intelligence test in order to screen out any “morons” who hoped to enter the United States.  Many immigrants were erroneously labeled as morons due to the fact that they were unfamiliar with the English language.  (and/or American culture).

Although the contribution of genetic factors and environmental factors to intelligence has been estimated to be approximately 50/50%, we cannot apply this general finding to individuals.

The finding that the IQ scores of adopted children tend to become more similar to those of their biological parents (and less similar to those of their adoptive parents) over time, provides evidence that intelligence is influenced by (nature/nurture).

The finding that the IQ scores of adopted children tend to become more similar to those of their biological parents (and less similar to those of their adoptive parents) over time, provides evidence that intelligence is influenced by (nature/nurture).  (i.e., genetics)

1. The maintenance of information over time is referred to as
1. retrieval
2. recall
3. encoding
4. storage

1. Kurt’s memory of how to water-ski represents __________ memory, whereas his memory of the first time he tried to water-ski represents __________ memory.
1. semantic, procedural
2. procedural, semantic
3. procedural, episodic
4. episodic, procedural

1. Melanie is going to Wal-Mart to buy the following items:  apples, bread, milk, flour, eggs, pencils, and a toothbrush.  She tries to remember the shopping list by repeating it over and over.  She is using __________ rehearsal.
1. short-term
2. elaborative
3. deep
4. maintenance

D.  MAINTENANCE = A VERY SHALLOW LEVEL OF PROCESSING  [NOT A GOOD STRATEGY FOR LONG-TERM MEMORY FORMATION]

1. (Refer to prior question for background info):  The primacy effect would predict that Melanie will best recall which of the following:
1. eggs and pencils
2. toothbrush only
3. milk, eggs, and pencils
4. apples and bread

D.  APPLES & BREAD B/C THESE ARE THE 1^ST FEW ITEMS IN THE LIST [WHICH IS WHAT THE PRIMACY EFFECT PREDICTS SHE’LL REMEMBER BEST]

1. Melanie could try to recall the items on her shopping list by imagining apples on her window sill, bread strewn across the floor, milk spilled on her coffee table, etc.  This strategy for recalling information is referred to as
1. the method of loci
2. visual encoding
3. maintenance rehearsal

acrostics

A.  METHOD OF LOCI [VISUAL ENCODING IS A 2^ND BEST ANSWER; THE EXAM QUESTIONS SHOULD BE FAIRLY STRAIGHT-FORWARD, BY THE WAY]

1. The average capacity of short-term memory is ____ chunks for numbers and  _____ chunks for words.
1. five, nine
2. nine five
3. seven, seven
4. seven, nine

C.  7 & 7 [REMEMBER THE ‘MAGIC NUMBER’]

1. Last Friday Max was drunk when trying to memorize Lisa’s phone number after meeting her at Wild  Ted’s party.  Based on what you know about context and state-dependent learning & memory, you predict that Max will most likely be able to recall Lisa’s number
1. on Saturday morning while recovering from his hangover.
2. later Friday night when Wild Ted tries to sober him up with hot coffee and a cold shower.
3. after a good night’s sleep.
4. after slamming 6 beers at Wild Ted’s next party.

D.  AFTER SLAMMING 6 BEERS AT TED’S NEXT PARTY B/C THIS WAY MAX WILL HAVE BOTH CONTEXT & STATE RETRIEVAL CUES AVAILABLE TO HELP ‘TRIGGER’ HIS MEMORY

1. After trying to memorize Lisa’s phone number, Max runs into Connie and tries to memorize her phone number.  Now Max can’t remember Lisa’s phone number due to
1. decay
2. retroactive interference
3. proactive interference
4. difficulty with chunking

B.  RETROACTIVE – REMEMBER THE MNEMONIC – ‘NEW INFO INTERFERES W/ THE OLD INFO’

1. The ability to retain skills (such as keyboarding or riding a bicycle) without conscious recollection is an example of _____ memory.
1. state-dependent (non-specific encoding)
2. context-dependent (specific encoding)
3. flashbulb (episodic)
4. implicit (procedural)
5. explicit (declarative)

D IMPLICIT/PROCEDURAL [=HARD TO PUT INTO WORDS]

1. Being able to interact with other people in a socially skilled manner in a job setting is an example of the type of intelligence that Gardner labels
1. intrapersonal intelligence
2. interpersonal intelligence
3. kinesthetic intelligence
4. linguistic intelligence

2. INTERPERSONAL – BE ABLE TO DISTINGUISH FROM INTRAPERSONAL.

1. Who developed the first intelligence test in order to help identify schoolchildren who might benefit from special instruction?
1. Louis Terman
2. David Weschler
3. Howard Gardner
4. Alfred Binet

D.  BINET

1. Chuck is certain that he has a fever.  He checks his temperature and finds it to be just 98 degrees.  He checks again one minute later and finds it to be 101 degrees.  Just to be sure, he checks it again.  This time it measures 99 degrees.  Chuck’s thermometer appears to lack
1. reliability
2. regularity
3. an appropriate norm
4. none of the above

A.  RELIABILITY

1. Bobby has just been told that his IQ score is 100.  This can be interpreted as meaning that
1. he is slow for his age.
2. he scored one standard deviation above the mean.
3. he earned an average score for his age group.
4. he is at one of the extreme ends of the normal distribution.

C.  HE’S AVERAGE

1. Sheila is asked to guess the IQ score of someone she has just met.  Her best guess would probably be
1. 120
2. 70
3. 80
4. 100

D.  100= AVERAGE SCORE WHERE MOST OF US SHOULD ‘HOVER’ AROUND IN TERMS OF OUR OWN IQ SCORE

1. For the average person, the influence of heredity and environment on mental abilities
1. appears to be about 50/50, but individual differences do exist.
2. is roughly 40/60, respectively.
3. is roughly 60/40, respectively
4. appears to be about equal in Caucasians and Asians.

A.  50/50 BUT THERE ARE INDIVIDUAL DIFFS, MEANING YOU CAN’T ASSUME THIS APPLIES TO EVERY PERSON YOU MEET

Which of the following statements is false?

1. Both heredity and environment probably influence intelligence.
2. Group differences in IQ scores are genetically based.
3. Intelligence can probably be altered by one’s environment.
4. None of the above

B.  WE CANNOT ASSUME THAT GROUP DIFFS IN IQ SCORES ARE DUE TO GENETICS—THEY COULD BE DUE TO OTHER THINGS, SUCH AS ONE’S ENVIRONMENT [E.G., TYPE OF SCHOOL ONE ATTENDS, THE FAMILY’S INCOME LEVEL, ETC.]