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Definition
| an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about ones experiences |
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Definition
| higher level consiousness, lower level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconsious awareness, no awareness |
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| Lower-level consciousness |
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Definition
| includes automatic processing that requires little attention as well as daydreaming; example is punching a number on a cell phone |
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| higher level consiousness |
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Definition
| involves controlled processing in which individuals actively focus there efforts on obtaining thier goals the most alert state of consciousness; example is doing a math problem |
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| altered state of conciousness |
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Definition
| can be produced by drugs, trama, fatigue, and possible hypnosis and sensory deprevation; example is feeling the effects of alcohol |
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| can occur when people are awake as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming; example is sleeping and dreaming |
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| frueds belief that some unconscious thoughts are to laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them; example is having unconcious thoughts like being knocked out |
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| periodic psychological fluctuations in the body such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decellerated cycles of brain activity that can influence behavior |
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Definition
| the most alert states of human consciousness during which individuals actively focus there efforts toward a goal |
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| daily behavioral or psycological cycles. Involves the sleep/wake cycle, body temp, blood pressure, and blood sugar level. |
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Definition
| an active stage of sleep which dreaming occurs |
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Definition
| characterized by a lack rapid eye movement and little dreaming. |
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Definition
| disorder in which one has a sudden overwhelming urge to sleep, the urge is so uncomfortable a person may fall asleep during a conversation or standing up |
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Definition
| an approach to psychology emphasizing unconcious thought, the conflict between biological drives such as the drive for sex and societies demands and early childhood family experiences |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| theory that dreaming occurs when the celebral cortex synthesizes nueral signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brains attempts to find logic and random brain activity in sleep |
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Definition
| the psychological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and cravings for the drug when it is discontinued |
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Definition
| the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reason such as a feeling of well being and reduction of stress |
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Definition
| either a physical or psychological dependence or both on a drug |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to take an increase of a drug to get the same effect |
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Definition
| psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity |
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Definition
| a disorder that involves long term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcohol beverages and that impairs the users health and social relationships |
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Definition
| depressant drugs such as nembutal and seconal that decrease central nervous system activity |
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Term
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Definition
| depressant drugs such as volume, xanax that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress activity in the central nervous system and eliminate pain |
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Term
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Definition
| psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous systems activity; the most widely used stimulants are caffiene nicotine, emphedimines, and cocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| are also called psychodelics, psychoactive drugs that modifies a persons perceptionual experiences and produce visual images that are not real |
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Definition
| an altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions |
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Definition
| refers to the extent to which a persons responses are changed by being hypnotized |
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Term
| divided consciousness view |
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Definition
| hillgards view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into seperate components, one of which follows the hypnotists commands and the other of which acts as a hidden observer |
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Term
| Social cognitive behavior view |
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Definition
| theory that hypnosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves that way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave |
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Definition
| an overwhelming feeling of wellness right before you fall asleep, the sense that everything is going to work out |
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Definition
| a systematic relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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Definition
| a theory of learning focuses on soley observable behaviors discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping |
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Definition
| learning that occurs when we make a connection or an association between two events |
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Definition
| learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates anothers behavior (classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| learning processes in which nuetral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and aquires the compacity to elicit a similar response |
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Term
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning (shriek of pain) |
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Term
| unconditioned response (UCR) |
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Definition
| an unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (salivating w/ food) |
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Term
| conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a previously nuetral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being pairs with the unconditioned stimilus |
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Term
| conditioned response (CR) |
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Definition
| the learned response to the condition stimulus that occurs after a conditioned stimulus/unconditioned stimulus pairing |
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Definition
| the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired |
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| generalization (Classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response |
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| The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others |
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Definition
| The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent |
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Definition
| The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning |
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Definition
| The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context |
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Definition
| a classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response |
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Definition
| a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus |
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Definition
| a special type of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea |
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Definition
| Also called instrumental conditioning, a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence |
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Term
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Definition
| Thorndikes law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened |
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Definition
| rewarding approximations of a desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a rewarding stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent removal of something that is unpleasant |
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Term
| schedules of reinforcement |
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Definition
| fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed interval |
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Definition
| an organisms learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response |
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Definition
| performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation |
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Definition
| reponding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced |
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Definition
| decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced |
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Definition
| a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur |
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Definition
| the persentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior |
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Definition
| the removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| also called implicit learning, unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior |
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Definition
| a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problems solution |
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Definition
| Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations |
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