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| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| Everything we do that can be directly observed |
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| Psychologists as critical thinkers |
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| The process of reflecting deeply and actively asking questions, and evaluating the evidence |
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| Gaining knowledge through observations of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning |
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| The branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths, and studying why things go right in life |
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| Wundt's structuralism and introspection |
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| measured the time it took for the brain and nervous system to translate information into action; the structure of mental processes; "looking inside" |
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| Structrualism vs introspection |
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| Identification of the structures of the human mind vs looking at what happens mentally as an event happens |
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| Darwin and natural selection |
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| theory that states an evolutionary process in which organisms that are best adapted to their environment will survive and produce offspring |
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| Focus on the body, and especially the brain and nervous system;neuroscience- scientific study of the structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the brain and nervous system |
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| approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environment determinants |
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| The psychodynamic approach |
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| approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives (such as drive for sex) and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences |
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| approach to psychology emphasizing a persons positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny |
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| approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems |
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| concerned with how people become who they are, from conception to death |
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| diagnose and treat those with psych problems through psychopathology- the study of psychological disorders and the development of diagnostic categories and treatments for those disorders |
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| diagnosing and treating those through helping those with practical life problems |
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| School and educational psychology |
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| centrally concerns childrens learning and adjustments in schools; Ex: placement testing |
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| the field of psychology that applies psychological concepts to the legal system |
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| Everything that changes and are observed to come up with theories |
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| A broad idea or set of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations |
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| An educated guess that derives logically from a theory; a prediction that can be tested |
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| research that deteremines basic dimensions of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how often it occurs ect. Methods include: observations, surveys and interviews, and case studies |
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| an in depth look at an individual |
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| Purpose of correlation research |
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| tells us the relationship between to variables; key factor is that the factors of interest are measured or observed to see how they relate |
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| always falls between -1 and 1 |
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| Positive/negative signs of a correlational coefficient |
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| Positive relationship is a relationship where both values vary in same direction (up) vs negative relationship where values in same direction (down) |
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| Magnitude of the correlation |
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| Tells the strength of the relationship between values |
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| there in no systematic relationship between the variables |
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| The study on nuns longevity in life vs happiness; because of their similar lifestyles, diets, and beliefs it was easy to determine whether their individual happiness gave them longer lives |
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| a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable |
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| a manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are. |
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| researchers assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiments results will be due to the preexisting differences between groups |
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| The outcome; the factor that can change in a experiment in response to changes in the independent variable |
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| The participants that receive the drug or other treatment under study-that is, those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents |
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| The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the realworld issues it is supposed to address |
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| experimenter and participant bias |
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| occurs when the experimenters/participants expectations influence or behavior is influencing the outcome of the research |
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| An experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until the results are calculated |
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| the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study |
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| the observation of behavior in a realworld setting |
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| mathematical process that is used to indicate whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population |
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| measures of central tendency |
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| a single number that indicates the overall characteristics of a set of data; mean, mode, median |
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| describe how much the scores in a sample differ from one another |
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| The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly |
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| approach to mental processes, emphasizing the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in the individuals adaptation to the environment |
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| The participants in an experiment who are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for a manipulated factor. the independent variable (placebo) |
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| the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable |
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| mathematical processes to describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way |
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| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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| Combination of Cognitive and Behavioral approaches; most used and empiracally proven |
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| Whole is greater than the sum of parts; people need to be looked at as wholes |
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